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  12. <title>uv: Python packaging in Rust (archive) — David Larlet</title>

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  66.     <h1>uv: Python packaging in Rust</h1>

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  69.     <p class="center">

  70.       <a href="/david/" title="Aller à l’accueil"><svg class="icon icon-home">

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  75.       Mis en cache le 2024-02-17

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  78.   <hr>

  79.   <p><strong>TL;DR:</strong> <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> is an <strong>extremely fast Python package

  80. installer and resolver</strong>, written in Rust, and designed as a drop-in replacement for <code>pip</code> and

  81. <code>pip-tools</code> workflows.</p>

  82. <p><a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> represents a milestone in our pursuit of a <a href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/05/05/cargo-pillars.html#pillars-of-cargo">"Cargo for Python"</a>:

  83. a comprehensive Python project and package manager that's fast, reliable, and easy to use.</p>

  84. <p>As part of this release, we're also taking stewardship of <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye">Rye</a>,

  85. an experimental Python packaging tool from <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko">Armin Ronacher</a>. We'll

  86. maintain <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye">Rye</a> as we expand <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> into a unified successor

  87. project, to fulfill our <a href="https://rye-up.com/philosophy/">shared vision</a> for Python packaging.</p>

  88. <hr>

  89. <p>At Astral, we build high-performance developer tools for the Python ecosystem. We're best known

  90. for <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff">Ruff</a>, an extremely fast

  91. Python <a href="https://notes.crmarsh.com/python-tooling-could-be-much-much-faster">linter</a>

  92. and <a href="https://astral.sh/blog/the-ruff-formatter">formatter</a>.</p>

  93. <p>Today, we're releasing the next tool in the Astral toolchain: <strong><a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a>, an extremely fast Python

  94. package resolver and installer, written in Rust</strong>.</p>

  95. <div><div class="md:hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 422 250"><g class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-frame uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__root" aria-roledescription="group mark container" fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="10"><path class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M90 0Z"></path><g class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-scope uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__cell" aria-roledescription="group mark container"><path class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M90 0h300v90H90Z"></path><g class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-hidden="true"><path class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M90.5 90.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-grid" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M90.5 90.5V.5M176.5 90.5V.5M261.5 90.5V.5M347.5 90.5V.5"></path></g></g><g class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="X-axis for a linear scale with values from 0.0 to 3.5"><path class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M90.5 90.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-tick" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M347.5 90.5"></path></g><g class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(90.5 105.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0s

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  99.                         </text></g></g><g class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="Y-axis for a discrete scale with 4 values: uv, poetry, pip-compile, pdm"><path class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M90.5.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(80.5 15.25)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel" font-weight="bold">uv

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  110.                         </text></g></g><g class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="Y-axis for a discrete scale with 4 values: uv, poetry, pdm, pip-sync"><path class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M90.5 143.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(80.5 158.25)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-warm-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel" font-weight="bold">uv

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  123.                   </text><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(96.5 53.75)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">poetry

  124.                   </text><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(96.5 76.25)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">pip-compile

  125.                   </text><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(96.5 98.75)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">pdm

  126.                   </text></g></g><g class="uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-rect uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__layer_0_marks" aria-roledescription="rect mark container"><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0134756369786; tool: uv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M106 20.75h1.155v13H106Z" class="uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.60278702674; tool: poetry" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M106 43.25h51.667v13H106Z" class="uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 1.55616658094; tool: pip-compile" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M106 65.75h133.386v13H106Z" class="uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 3.37404433084; tool: pdm" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M106 88.25h289.204v13H106Z" class="uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path></g><g class="uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__layer_1_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.60278702674; tool: poetry; timeFormat: 0.60s" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(163.667 53.75)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0.60s

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  129.             </text></g><g class="uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__layer_2_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0134756369786; tool: uv; timeFormat: 0.01s" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(113.155 31.25)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" font-weight="bold" class="uv-resolve-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0.01s

  130.             </text></g></g></svg></div><div class="w-full md:w-[484px]"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 454 139"><g class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__role-frame uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__root" aria-roledescription="group mark container" fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="10"><path class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M84 16h300v90H84Z"></path><g class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-hidden="true"><path class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M84.5 106.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__role-axis-grid" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M84.5 106.5v-90M204.5 106.5v-90M324.5 106.5v-90"></path></g></g><g class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="X-axis for a linear scale with values from 0 to 5"><path class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M84.5 106.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__role-axis-tick" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M324.5 106.5"></path></g><g class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(84.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0s

  131.                   </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(204.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">2s

  132.                   </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(324.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">4s

  133.                   </text></g></g><g class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="Y-axis for a discrete scale with 4 values: uv, poetry, pdm, pip-sync"><path class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M84.5 16.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(74.5 31.25)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel" font-weight="bold">uv

  134.                   </text><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(74.5 53.75)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">poetry

  135.                   </text><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(74.5 76.25)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">pdm

  136.                   </text><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(74.5 98.75)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">pip-sync

  137.                   </text></g></g><g class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-rect uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__layer_0_marks" aria-roledescription="rect mark container"><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0576289908; tool: uv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M84 20.75h3.458v13H84Z" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.9872183659; tool: poetry" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M84 43.25h59.233v13H84Z" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 1.8969612492; tool: pdm" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M84 65.75h113.818v13H84Z" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 4.6313483826; tool: pip-sync" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M84 88.25h277.88v13H84Z" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path></g><g class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__layer_1_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.9872183659; tool: poetry; timeFormat: 0.99s" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(149.233 53.75)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0.99s

  138.             </text><text aria-label="Sum of time: 1.8969612492; tool: pdm; timeFormat: 1.90s" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(203.818 76.25)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">1.90s

  139.             </text><text aria-label="Sum of time: 4.6313483826; tool: pip-sync; timeFormat: 4.63s" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(367.88 98.75)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">4.63s

  140.             </text></g><g class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__layer_2_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0576289908; tool: uv; timeFormat: 0.06s" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(93.458 31.25)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" font-weight="bold" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0.06s

  141.             </text></g></g></svg></div></div></div><div class="flex flex-row items-center"><p class="hidden text-sm md:block"><span class="opacity-75">Resolving (left) and installing (right) the <a class="cursor-pointer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://github.com/python-trio/trio">Trio</a> dependencies with a </span><a class="cursor-pointer select-none" aria-label="Toggle cache" tabindex="0" type="button">warm</a> <span class="opacity-75">cache, to simulate recreating a virtual environment or adding a dependency to an existing project (<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/main/BENCHMARKS.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">source</a>).</span></p><p class="text-sm md:hidden"><span class="opacity-75">Resolving (top) and installing (bottom) the <a class="cursor-pointer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://github.com/python-trio/trio">Trio</a> dependencies with a </span><a class="cursor-pointer select-none" aria-label="Toggle cache" tabindex="0" type="button">warm</a> <span class="opacity-75">cache, to simulate recreating a virtual environment or adding a dependency to an existing project (<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/main/BENCHMARKS.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">source</a>).</span></p></div></div>

  142. <p><a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> is designed as a drop-in replacement for <code>pip</code> and <code>pip-tools</code>,

  143. and is ready for production use today in projects built around those workflows.</p>

  144. <p>Like <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff">Ruff</a>, uv's implementation was grounded in our core

  145. product principles:</p>

  146. <ol>

  147. <li><strong>An obsessive focus on performance.</strong> In the above <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/main/BENCHMARKS.md">benchmarks</a>,

  148. uv is <strong>8-10x faster</strong> than <code>pip</code> and <code>pip-tools</code> without caching, and <strong>80-115x faster</strong>

  149. when running with a warm cache (e.g., recreating a virtual environment or updating a dependency).

  150. uv uses a global module cache to avoid re-downloading and re-building dependencies, and

  151. leverages Copy-on-Write and hardlinks on supported filesystems to minimize disk space usage.</li>

  152. <li><strong>Optimized for adoption.</strong> While we have big aspirations for the future of Python packaging,

  153. uv's initial release is centered on supporting the <code>pip</code> and <code>pip-tools</code> APIs behind

  154. our <code>uv pip</code> interface, making it usable by existing projects with zero configuration.

  155. Similarly, uv can be used as "just" a resolver (<code>uv pip compile</code> to lock your

  156. dependencies), "just" a virtual environment creator (<code>uv venv</code>), "just" a package

  157. installer (<code>uv pip sync</code>), and so on. It's both unified and modular.</li>

  158. <li><strong>A simplified toolchain.</strong> uv ships as a single static binary capable of

  159. replacing <code>pip</code>, <code>pip-tools</code>, and <code>virtualenv</code>. uv has no direct Python dependency, so you

  160. can install it separately from Python itself, avoiding the need to manage <code>pip</code> installations

  161. across multiple Python versions (e.g., <code>pip</code> vs. <code>pip3</code> vs. <code>pip3.7</code>).</li>

  162. </ol>

  163. <p>While uv will evolve into a <strong>complete Python project and package manager</strong> (a <a href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/05/05/cargo-pillars.html#pillars-of-cargo">"Cargo for Python"</a>),

  164. the narrower <code>pip-tools</code> scope allows us to solve the low-level problems involved in building such

  165. a tool (like package installation) while shipping something immediately useful with minimal barrier

  166. to adoption.</p>

  167. <p>You can install <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> today via our standalone installers,

  168. or from <a href="https://pypi.org/project/uv/">PyPI</a>.</p>

  169. 

  170. <p><a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> supports everything you'd expect from a modern Python

  171. packaging tool: editable installs, Git dependencies, URL dependencies, local dependencies,

  172. constraint files, source distributions, custom indexes, and more, all designed around drop-in

  173. compatibility with your existing tools.</p>

  174. <p><a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> supports <strong>Linux</strong>, <strong>Windows</strong>, and <strong>macOS</strong>, and

  175. has been tested at-scale against the public PyPI index.</p>

  176. <h3 class="hover:none group cursor-default"><span id="a-drop-in-compatible-api" class="invisible absolute mt-[-24px] block pt-[24px]"></span>A drop-in compatible API <a href="#a-drop-in-compatible-api" class="hidden group-hover:inline-block">#</a></h3>

  177. <p>This initial release centers on what we refer to as uv's <code>pip</code> API. It'll be familiar to those

  178. that have used <code>pip</code> and <code>pip-tools</code> in the past:</p>

  179. <ul>

  180. <li>Instead of <code>pip install</code>, run <code>uv pip install</code> to install Python dependencies from the command

  181. line, a requirements file, or a <code>pyproject.toml</code>.</li>

  182. <li>Instead of <code>pip-compile</code>, run <code>uv pip compile</code> to generate a locked <code>requirements.txt</code>.</li>

  183. <li>Instead of <code>pip-sync</code>, run <code>uv pip sync</code> to sync a virtual environment with a locked <code>requirements.txt</code>.</li>

  184. </ul>

  185. <p>By scoping these "lower-level" commands under <code>uv pip</code>, we retain space in the CLI for the more

  186. "opinionated" project management API we intend to ship in the future, which will look more like

  187. <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye">Rye</a>, or <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo">Cargo</a>, or

  188. <a href="https://github.com/python-poetry/poetry">Poetry</a>. (Imagine <code>uv run</code>, <code>uv build</code>, and so on.)</p>

  189. <p>uv can also be used as a virtual environment manager via <code>uv venv</code>. It's about 80x

  190. faster than <code>python -m venv</code> and 7x faster than <code>virtualenv</code>, with no dependency on Python.</p>

  191. <div><div class="md:hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 454 282"><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-frame uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__root" aria-roledescription="group mark container" fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="10"><path class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M107 16Z"></path><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-scope uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__cell" aria-roledescription="group mark container"><path class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M107 16h300v90H107Z"></path><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-hidden="true"><path class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M107.5 106.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-grid" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M107.5 106.5v-90M182.5 106.5v-90M257.5 106.5v-90M332.5 106.5v-90M407.5 106.5v-90"></path></g></g><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="X-axis for a linear scale with values from 0.00 to 0.08"><path class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M107.5 106.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-tick" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M407.5 106.5"></path></g><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(107.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0s

  192.                         </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(182.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0.02s

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  194.                         </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(332.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0.06s

  195.                         </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(407.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0.08s

  196.                         </text></g></g><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-rect uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__child_layer_0_marks" aria-roledescription="rect mark container"><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0041; tool: uv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M107 24.5h15.375v13H107Z" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0744; tool: virtualenv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M107 54.5h279v13H107Z" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0241; tool: venv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M107 84.5h90.375v13H107Z" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path></g><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__child_layer_1_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0744; tool: virtualenv; timeFormat: 74.4ms" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(392 65)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">74.4ms

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  198.                   </text></g><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__child_layer_2_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0041; tool: uv; timeFormat: 4.1ms" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(128.375 35)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" font-weight="bold" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">4.1ms

  199.                   </text></g><path class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M107 159h300v90H107Z"></path><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-hidden="true"><path class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M107.5 249.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-grid" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M107.5 249.5v-90M201.5 249.5v-90M295.5 249.5v-90M388.5 249.5v-90"></path></g></g><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="X-axis for a linear scale with values from 0.0 to 1.6"><path class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M107.5 249.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-tick" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M388.5 249.5"></path></g><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(107.5 264.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0s

  200.                         </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(201.25 264.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0.5s

  201.                         </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(295 264.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">1s

  202.                         </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(388.75 264.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">1.5s

  203.                         </text></g></g><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-rect uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__child_layer_0_marks" aria-roledescription="rect mark container"><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0182; tool: uv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M107 167.5h3.413v13H107Z" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.1414; tool: virtualenv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M107 197.5h26.512v13H107Z" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 1.54; tool: venv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M107 227.5h288.75v13H107Z" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path></g><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__child_layer_1_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.1414; tool: virtualenv; timeFormat: 141.4ms" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(139.512 208)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">141.4ms

  204.                   </text><text aria-label="Sum of time: 1.54; tool: venv; timeFormat: 1.54s" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(401.75 238)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">1.54s

  205.                   </text></g><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__child_layer_2_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0182; tool: uv; timeFormat: 18.2ms" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(116.412 178)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" font-weight="bold" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">18.2ms

  206.                   </text></g></g></g></svg></div><div class="hidden md:block"><div class="flex flex-row items-center justify-center text-flare"><div class="w-full md:w-[484px]"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 463 139"><g class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__role-frame uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__root" aria-roledescription="group mark container" fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="10"><path class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M99 16h300v90H99Z"></path><g class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-hidden="true"><path class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M99.5 106.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis-grid" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M99.5 106.5v-90M193.5 106.5v-90M287.5 106.5v-90M380.5 106.5v-90"></path></g></g><g class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="X-axis for a linear scale with values from 0.0 to 1.6"><path class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M99.5 106.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis-tick" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M380.5 106.5"></path></g><g class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(99.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">

  207.                     0s

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  209.                     0.5s

  210.                   </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(287 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">

  211.                     1s

  212.                   </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(380.75 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">

  213.                     1.5s

  214.                   </text></g></g><g class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="Y-axis for a discrete scale with 3 values: uv, virtualenv, venv"><path class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M99.5 16.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(89.5 35)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel" font-weight="bold">

  215.                     uv

  216.                   </text><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(89.5 65)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">

  217.                     virtualenv

  218.                   </text><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(89.5 95)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">

  219.                     venv

  220.                   </text></g></g><g class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-rect uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__layer_0_marks" aria-roledescription="rect mark container"><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0182; tool: uv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M99 24.5h3.413v13H99Z" class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.1414; tool: virtualenv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M99 54.5h26.512v13H99Z" class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 1.54; tool: venv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M99 84.5h288.75v13H99Z" class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path></g><g class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__layer_1_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.1414; tool: virtualenv; timeFormat: 141.4ms" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(131.512 65)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">141.4ms

  221.             </text><text aria-label="Sum of time: 1.54; tool: venv; timeFormat: 1.54s" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(393.75 95)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">1.54s

  222.             </text></g><g class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__layer_2_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0182; tool: uv; timeFormat: 18.2ms" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(108.412 35)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" font-weight="bold" class="uv-venv-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">18.2ms

  223.             </text></g></g></svg></div><div class="w-full md:w-[484px]"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 463 139"><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-frame uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__root" aria-roledescription="group mark container" fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="10"><path class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M99 16h300v90H99Z"></path><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-hidden="true"><path class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M99.5 106.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis-grid" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M99.5 106.5v-90M174.5 106.5v-90M249.5 106.5v-90M324.5 106.5v-90M399.5 106.5v-90"></path></g></g><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="X-axis for a linear scale with values from 0.00 to 0.08"><path class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M99.5 106.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis-tick" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M399.5 106.5"></path></g><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(99.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">

  224.                     0s

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  226.                     0.02s

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  228.                     0.04s

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  230.                     0.06s

  231.                   </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(399.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">

  232.                     0.08s

  233.                   </text></g></g><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="Y-axis for a discrete scale with 3 values: uv, virtualenv, venv"><path class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M99.5 16.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(89.5 35)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel" font-weight="bold">

  234.                     uv

  235.                   </text><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(89.5 65)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">

  236.                     virtualenv

  237.                   </text><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(89.5 95)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">

  238.                     venv

  239.                   </text></g></g><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-rect uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__layer_0_marks" aria-roledescription="rect mark container"><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0041; tool: uv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M99 24.5h15.375v13H99Z" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0744; tool: virtualenv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M99 54.5h279v13H99Z" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0241; tool: venv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M99 84.5h90.375v13H99Z" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path></g><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__layer_1_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0744; tool: virtualenv; timeFormat: 74.4ms" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(384 65)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">74.4ms

  240.             </text><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0241; tool: venv; timeFormat: 24.1ms" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(195.375 95)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">24.1ms

  241.             </text></g><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__layer_2_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0041; tool: uv; timeFormat: 4.1ms" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(120.375 35)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" font-weight="bold" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">4.1ms

  242.             </text></g></g></svg></div></div></div><div class="flex flex-row items-center opacity-75"><p class="text-sm md:hidden">Creating a virtual environment, with (top) and without (bottom) seed packages like pip and setuptools (<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/ea13d94c57149a8fc6ebfcef46149252e869269f/scripts/benchmarks/venv.sh" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">source</a>).</p><p class="hidden text-sm md:block">Creating a virtual environment, with (left) and without (right) seed packages like pip and setuptools (<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/ea13d94c57149a8fc6ebfcef46149252e869269f/scripts/benchmarks/venv.sh" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">source</a>).</p></div></div>

  243. <p>uv's virtual environments are standards-compliant and work interchangeably with other tools —

  244. there's no lock-in or customization.</p>

  245. <p>Building our own package management stack from scratch also opened up room for new capabilities.

  246. For example:</p>

  247. <ul>

  248. <li><strong>uv supports alternate resolution strategies.</strong> By default, uv follows the standard

  249. Python dependency resolution strategy of preferring the latest compatible version of each package.

  250. But by passing <code>--resolution=lowest</code>, library authors can test their packages against the lowest-compatible version of their dependencies. (This is similar to Go's

  251. <a href="https://go.dev/ref/mod#minimal-version-selection">Minimal version selection</a>.)</li>

  252. <li><strong>uv allows for resolutions against arbitrary target Python versions.</strong> While <code>pip</code>

  253. and <code>pip-tools</code> always resolve against the currently-installed Python version (generating, e.g., a

  254. Python 3.12-compatible resolution when running under Python 3.12), uv accepts

  255. a <code>--python-version</code> parameter, enabling you to generate, e.g., Python 3.7-compatible resolutions

  256. even when running under newer versions.</li>

  257. <li><strong>uv allows for dependency “overrides”.</strong> uv takes pip's “constraints” concepts a step

  258. further via overrides (<code>-o overrides.txt</code>), which allow the user to guide the resolver by

  259. overriding the declared dependencies of a package. Overrides give the user an escape hatch for

  260. working around erroneous upper bounds and other incorrectly-declared dependencies.</li>

  261. </ul>

  262. <p>In its current form, uv won't be the right fit for all projects. <code>pip</code> is a mature and stable

  263. tool, with extensive support for an extremely wide range of use cases and a focus on compatibility.

  264. While uv supports a large fraction of the <code>pip</code> interface, it lacks support for some of its

  265. legacy features, like <code>.egg</code> distributions.</p>

  266. <p>Similarly, uv does not yet generate a platform-agnostic lockfile. This matches <code>pip-tools</code>, but

  267. differs from Poetry and PDM, making uv a better fit for projects built around the <code>pip</code> and

  268. <code>pip-tools</code> workflows.</p>

  269. <p>For those deep in the packaging ecosystem, uv also includes standards-compliant Rust

  270. implementations of <a href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0440/">PEP 440</a> (version identifiers),

  271. <a href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0508/">PEP 508</a> (dependency specifiers),

  272. <a href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0517/">PEP 517</a> (a build-system independent build frontend),

  273. <a href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0405/">PEP 405</a> (virtual environments), and more.</p>

  274. <h3 class="hover:none group cursor-default"><span id="a-cargo-for-python-uv-and-rye" class="invisible absolute mt-[-24px] block pt-[24px]"></span>A "Cargo for Python": uv and Rye <a href="#a-cargo-for-python-uv-and-rye" class="hidden group-hover:inline-block">#</a></h3>

  275. <p>uv represents an intermediary milestone in our pursuit of a <a href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/05/05/cargo-pillars.html#pillars-of-cargo">"Cargo for Python"</a>: a unified Python

  276. package and project manager that is extremely fast, reliable, and easy to use.</p>

  277. <p>Think: a single binary that bootstraps your Python installation and gives you everything you need to

  278. be productive with Python, bundling not only <code>pip</code>, <code>pip-tools</code>, and <code>virtualenv</code>, but also <code>pipx</code>,

  279. <code>tox</code>, <code>poetry</code>, <code>pyenv</code>, <code>ruff</code>, and more.</p>

  280. <p>Python tooling can be a low-confidence experience: it's a significant amount of work to stand up a

  281. new or existing project, and commands fail in confusing ways. In contrast, when working in the Rust

  282. ecosystem, you trust the tools to succeed. The Astral toolchain is about bringing Python from a

  283. low-confidence to a high-confidence experience.</p>

  284. <p>This vision for Python packaging is not far off from that put forward by <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye">Rye</a>,

  285. an experimental project and package management tool from <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko">Armin Ronacher</a>.</p>

  286. <p>In talking with Armin, it was clear that our visions were closely aligned, but that fulfilling

  287. them would require a significant investment in foundational tooling. For example: building such a

  288. tool requires an extremely fast, end-to-end integrated, cross-platform resolver and installer. <strong>In

  289. uv, we've built that foundational tooling.</strong></p>

  290. <p>We saw this as a rare opportunity to team up, and to avoid fragmenting the Python ecosystem.

  291. <strong>As such, in collaboration with Armin, we're excited to be taking over <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye">Rye</a>.</strong>

  292. Our goal is to evolve uv into a production-ready <a href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/05/05/cargo-pillars.html#pillars-of-cargo">"Cargo for Python"</a>, and to provide a smooth

  293. migration path from Rye to uv when the time is right.</p>

  294. <p>Until then, we'll be maintaining Rye, migrating it to use uv under-the-hood, and, more

  295. generally, treating it as an experimental testbed for the end-user experience we're building

  296. towards.</p>

  297. <p>While merging projects comes with its own challenges, we're committed to building a single, unified

  298. tool under the Astral banner, and to supporting existing Rye users as we evolve uv into a

  299. suitable and comprehensive successor project.</p>

  300. <h3 class="hover:none group cursor-default"><span id="our-roadmap" class="invisible absolute mt-[-24px] block pt-[24px]"></span>Our Roadmap <a href="#our-roadmap" class="hidden group-hover:inline-block">#</a></h3>

  301. <p>Following this release, our first priority is to support users as they consider <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a>,

  302. with a focus on improving compatibility, performance, and stability across platforms.</p>

  303. <p>From there, we'll look towards expanding uv into a complete Python project and package manager:

  304. a single binary that gives you everything you need to be productive with Python.</p>

  305. <p>We have an ambitious roadmap for uv. But even in its current form, I think it will

  306. feel like a very different experience for Python. I hope you'll give it a try.</p>

  307. <h3 class="hover:none group cursor-default"><span id="acknowledgements" class="invisible absolute mt-[-24px] block pt-[24px]"></span>Acknowledgements <a href="#acknowledgements" class="hidden group-hover:inline-block">#</a></h3>

  308. <p>Finally, we'd like to thank all those that contributed directly or indirectly to the development of

  309. uv. Foremost among them are <a href="https://github.com/Eh2406">Jacob Finkelman</a>

  310. and <a href="https://github.com/mpizenberg">Matthieu Pizenberg</a>, the maintainers

  311. of <a href="https://github.com/pubgrub-rs/pubgrub">pubgrub-rs</a>. uv uses PubGrub as its underlying

  312. version solver, and we're grateful to Jacob and Matthieu for the work they put into PubGrub in the

  313. past, and for the way they've engaged with us as collaborators throughout the project.</p>

  314. <p>We'd also like to thank those projects in the packaging space that've inspired us,

  315. especially <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo">Cargo</a>, along with <a href="https://github.com/oven-sh/bun">Bun</a>, <a href="https://github.com/orogene/orogene">Orogene</a>,

  316. and <a href="https://github.com/pnpm/pnpm">pnpm</a> from the JavaScript ecosystem,

  317. and <a href="https://github.com/njsmith/posy">Posy</a>, <a href="https://github.com/konstin/monotrail-resolve">Monotrail</a>,

  318. and <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye">Rye</a> from the Python ecosystem. In particular, thanks

  319. to <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko">Armin Ronacher</a> for collaborating with us on this effort.</p>

  320. <p>Finally, we'd like to thank the maintainers of <a href="https://github.com/pypa/pip">pip</a> and the members of

  321. the PyPA more broadly for all the work they do to make Python packaging possible.</p>

  322. </article>

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  358.                   <input type="radio" value="light" name="chosen-color-scheme"> Clair

  359.               </label>

  360.           </fieldset>

  361.       </form>

  362.   </template>

  363. </footer>

  364. <script src="/static/david/js/instantpage-5.1.0.min.js" type="module"></script>

  365. <script>

  366.     function loadThemeForm(templateName) {

  367.         const themeSelectorTemplate = document.querySelector(templateName)

  368.         const form = themeSelectorTemplate.content.firstElementChild

  369.         themeSelectorTemplate.replaceWith(form)

  370. 

  371.         form.addEventListener('change', (e) => {

  372.             const chosenColorScheme = e.target.value

  373.             localStorage.setItem('theme', chosenColorScheme)

  374.             toggleTheme(chosenColorScheme)

  375.         })

  376. 

  377.         const selectedTheme = localStorage.getItem('theme')

  378.         if (selectedTheme && selectedTheme !== 'undefined') {

  379.             form.querySelector(`[value="${selectedTheme}"]`).checked = true

  380.         }

  381.     }

  382. 

  383.     const prefersColorSchemeDark = '(prefers-color-scheme: dark)'

  384.     window.addEventListener('load', () => {

  385.         let hasDarkRules = false

  386.         for (const styleSheet of Array.from(document.styleSheets)) {

  387.             let mediaRules = []

  388.             for (const cssRule of styleSheet.cssRules) {

  389.                 if (cssRule.type !== CSSRule.MEDIA_RULE) {

  390.                     continue

  391.                 }

  392.                 // WARNING: Safari does not have/supports `conditionText`.

  393.                 if (cssRule.conditionText) {

  394.                     if (cssRule.conditionText !== prefersColorSchemeDark) {

  395.                         continue

  396.                     }

  397.                 } else {

  398.                     if (cssRule.cssText.startsWith(prefersColorSchemeDark)) {

  399.                         continue

  400.                     }

  401.                 }

  402.                 mediaRules = mediaRules.concat(Array.from(cssRule.cssRules))

  403.             }

  404. 

  405.             // WARNING: do not try to insert a Rule to a styleSheet you are

  406.             // currently iterating on, otherwise the browser will be stuck

  407.             // in a infinite loop…

  408.             for (const mediaRule of mediaRules) {

  409.                 styleSheet.insertRule(mediaRule.cssText)

  410.                 hasDarkRules = true

  411.             }

  412.         }

  413.         if (hasDarkRules) {

  414.             loadThemeForm('#theme-selector')

  415.         }

  416.     })

  417. </script>

  418. </body>

  419. </html>