A place to cache linked articles (think custom and personal wayback machine)
選択できるのは25トピックまでです。 トピックは、先頭が英数字で、英数字とダッシュ('-')を使用した35文字以内のものにしてください。

index.html 23KB

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  437. <h1>
  438. <span><a id="jumper" href="#jumpto" title="Un peu perdu ?">?</a></span>
  439. Documenting Architecture Decisions (archive)
  440. <time>Pour la pérennité des contenus liés. Non-indexé, retrait sur simple email.</time>
  441. </h1>
  442. <section>
  443. <article>
  444. <h3><a href="http://thinkrelevance.com/blog/2011/11/15/documenting-architecture-decisions">Source originale du contenu</a></h3>
  445. <h1>Context</h1>
  446. <p>Architecture for agile projects has to be described and defined
  447. differently. Not all decisions will be made at once, nor will all of
  448. them be done when the project begins.</p>
  449. <p>Agile methods are not opposed to documentation, only to valueless
  450. documentation. Documents that assist the team itself can have value,
  451. but only if they are kept up to date. Large documents are never kept
  452. up to date. Small, modular documents have at least a chance at being
  453. updated.</p>
  454. <p>Nobody ever reads large documents, either. Most developers have been
  455. on at least one project where the specification document was larger
  456. (in bytes) than the total source code size. Those documents are too
  457. large to open, read, or update. Bite sized pieces are easier for for
  458. all stakeholders to consume.</p>
  459. <p>One of the hardest things to track during the life of a project is the
  460. motivation behind certain decisions. A new person coming on to a
  461. project may be perplexed, baffled, delighted, or infuriated by some
  462. past decision. Without understanding the rationale or consequences,
  463. this person has only two choices:</p>
  464. <ol>
  465. <li><p><strong>Blindly accept the decision.</strong> </p>
  466. <p>This response may be OK, if the decision is still valid. It may
  467. not be good, however, if the context has changed and the decision
  468. should really be revisited. If the project accumulates too many
  469. decisions accepted without understanding, then the development
  470. team becomes afraid to change anything and the project collapses
  471. under its own weight.</p></li>
  472. <li><p><strong>Blindly change it.</strong></p>
  473. <p>Again, this may be OK if the decision needs to be reversed. On the
  474. other hand, changing the decision without understanding its
  475. motivation or consequences could mean damaging the project's
  476. overall value without realizing it. (E.g., the decision supported
  477. a non-functional requirement that hasn't been tested yet.)</p></li>
  478. </ol>
  479. <p>It's better to avoid either blind acceptance or blind reversal.</p>
  480. <h1>Decision</h1>
  481. <p>We will keep a collection of records for "architecturally significant"
  482. decisions: those that affect the structure, non-functional
  483. characteristics, dependencies, interfaces, or construction techniques.</p>
  484. <p>An architecture decision record is a short text file in a format
  485. similar to an Alexandrian pattern. (Though the decisions themselves
  486. are not necessarily patterns, they share the characteristic balancing
  487. of forces.) Each record describes a set of forces and a single
  488. decision in response to those forces. Note that the decision is the
  489. central piece here, so specific forces may appear in multiple ADRs.</p>
  490. <p>We will keep ADRs in the project repository under doc/arch/adr-NNN.md</p>
  491. <p>We should use a lightweight text formatting language like Markdown or
  492. Textile.</p>
  493. <p>ADRs will be numbered sequentially and monotonically. Numbers will not
  494. be reused.</p>
  495. <p>If a decision is reversed, we will keep the old one around, but mark
  496. it as superseded. (It's still relevant to know that it <em>was</em> the
  497. decision, but is <em>no longer</em> the decision.)</p>
  498. <p>We will use a format with just a few parts, so each document is easy
  499. to digest. The format has just a few parts.</p>
  500. <p><strong>Title</strong> These documents have names that are short noun phrases. For
  501. example, "ADR 1: Deployment on Ruby on Rails 3.0.10" or "ADR 9: LDAP
  502. for Multitenant Integration"</p>
  503. <p><strong>Context</strong> This section describes the forces at play, including
  504. technological, political, social, and project local. These forces are
  505. probably in tension, and should be called out as such. The language in
  506. this section is value-neutral. It is simply describing facts.</p>
  507. <p><strong>Decision</strong> This section describes our response to these forces. It
  508. is stated in full sentences, with active voice. "We will ..."</p>
  509. <p><strong>Status</strong> A decision may be "proposed" if the project stakeholders
  510. haven't agreed with it yet, or "accepted" once it is agreed. If a
  511. later ADR changes or reverses a decision, it may be marked as
  512. "deprecated" or "superseded" with a reference to its replacement.</p>
  513. <p><strong>Consequences</strong> This section describes the resulting context, after
  514. applying the decision. All consequences should be listed here, not
  515. just the "positive" ones. A particular decision may have positive,
  516. negative, and neutral consequences, but all of them affect the team
  517. and project in the future.</p>
  518. <p>The whole document should be one or two pages long. We will write each
  519. ADR as if it is a conversation with a future developer. This requires
  520. good writing style, with full sentences organized into
  521. paragraphs. Bullets are acceptable only for visual style, not as an
  522. excuse for writing sentence fragments. (Bullets kill people, even
  523. PowerPoint bullets.)</p>
  524. <h1>Status</h1>
  525. <p>Accepted.</p>
  526. <h1>Consequences</h1>
  527. <p>One ADR describes one significant decision for a specific project. It
  528. should be something that has an effect on how the rest of the project
  529. will run.</p>
  530. <p>The consequences of one ADR are very likely to become the context for
  531. subsequent ADRs. This is also similar to Alexander's idea of a pattern
  532. language: the large-scale responses create spaces for the smaller
  533. scale to fit into.</p>
  534. <p>Developers and project stakeholders can see the ADRs, even as the team
  535. composition changes over time.</p>
  536. <p>The motivation behind previous decisions is visible for everyone,
  537. present and future. Nobody is left scratching their heads to
  538. understand, "What were they thinking?" and the time to change old
  539. decisions will be clear from changes in the project's context.</p>
  540. <hr/>
  541. <h1>Experience Report</h1>
  542. <p>You may have noticed that this post is formatted like an ADR
  543. itself. We've been using this format on a few of our projects since
  544. early August. That's not a very long time in the global sense, but
  545. early feedback from both clients and developers has been quite
  546. positive. In that time, we've had six to ten developers rotate through
  547. projects using ADRs. All of them have stated that they appreciate the
  548. degree of context they received by reading them.</p>
  549. <p>ADRs have been especially useful for capturing longer-term
  550. intentions. We have several clients who are stabilizing their current
  551. systems, but looking toward a larger rearchitecture in the
  552. not-too-distant future. By writing these intentions down, we don't
  553. inadvertently make those future changes harder.</p>
  554. <p>One potential objection is that keeping these in version control with
  555. the code makes them less accessible for project managers, client
  556. stakeholders, and others who don't live in version control like the
  557. development team does. In practice, our projects almost all live in
  558. GitHub private repositories, so we can exchange links to the latest
  559. version in master. Since GitHub does markdown processing
  560. automatically, it looks just as friendly as any wiki page would.</p>
  561. <p>So far, ADRs are proving to be a useful tool, so we'll keep using
  562. them.</p>
  563. <h1>More Reading</h1>
  564. <p>Thanks to Philipe Kruchten for discussing the <a href="http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/MS.2009.52">importance of
  565. architecture decisions</a>. I'm
  566. told there is more about them in
  567. <a href="http://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/abstracts/books/0321552687.cfm">Documenting Software Architectures</a>
  568. which is near the top of my reading queue.</p>
  569. </article>
  570. </section>
  571. <nav id="jumpto">
  572. <p>
  573. <a href="/david/blog/">Accueil du blog</a> |
  574. <a href="http://thinkrelevance.com/blog/2011/11/15/documenting-architecture-decisions">Source originale</a> |
  575. <a href="/david/stream/2019/">Accueil du flux</a>
  576. </p>
  577. </nav>
  578. <footer>
  579. <div>
  580. <img src="/static/david/david-larlet-avatar.jpg" loading="lazy" class="avatar" width="200" height="200">
  581. <p>
  582. Bonjour/Hi!
  583. Je suis <a href="/david/" title="Profil public">David&nbsp;Larlet</a>, je vis actuellement à Montréal et j’alimente cet espace depuis 15 ans. <br>
  584. Si tu as apprécié cette lecture, n’hésite pas à poursuivre ton exploration. Par exemple via les <a href="/david/blog/" title="Expériences bienveillantes">réflexions bimestrielles</a>, la <a href="/david/stream/2019/" title="Pensées (dés)articulées">veille hebdomadaire</a> ou en t’abonnant au <a href="/david/log/" title="S’abonner aux publications via RSS">flux RSS</a> (<a href="/david/blog/2019/flux-rss/" title="Tiens c’est quoi un flux RSS ?">so 2005</a>).
  585. </p>
  586. <p>
  587. Je m’intéresse à la place que je peux avoir dans ce monde. En tant qu’humain, en tant que membre d’une famille et en tant qu’associé d’une coopérative. De temps en temps, je fais aussi des <a href="https://github.com/davidbgk" title="Principalement sur Github mais aussi ailleurs">trucs techniques</a>. Et encore plus rarement, <a href="/david/talks/" title="En ce moment je laisse plutôt la place aux autres">j’en parle</a>.
  588. </p>
  589. <p>
  590. Voici quelques articles choisis :
  591. <a href="/david/blog/2019/faire-equipe/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Faire équipe</a>,
  592. <a href="/david/blog/2018/bivouac-automnal/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Bivouac automnal</a>,
  593. <a href="/david/blog/2018/commodite-effondrement/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Commodité et effondrement</a>,
  594. <a href="/david/blog/2017/donnees-communs/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Des données aux communs</a>,
  595. <a href="/david/blog/2016/accompagner-enfant/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Accompagner un enfant</a>,
  596. <a href="/david/blog/2016/senior-developer/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Senior developer</a>,
  597. <a href="/david/blog/2016/illusion-sociale/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">L’illusion sociale</a>,
  598. <a href="/david/blog/2016/instantane-scopyleft/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Instantané Scopyleft</a>,
  599. <a href="/david/blog/2016/enseigner-web/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Enseigner le Web</a>,
  600. <a href="/david/blog/2016/simplicite-defaut/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Simplicité par défaut</a>,
  601. <a href="/david/blog/2016/minimalisme-esthetique/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Minimalisme et esthétique</a>,
  602. <a href="/david/blog/2014/un-web-omni-present/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Un web omni-présent</a>,
  603. <a href="/david/blog/2014/manifeste-developpeur/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Manifeste de développeur</a>,
  604. <a href="/david/blog/2013/confort-convivialite/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Confort et convivialité</a>,
  605. <a href="/david/blog/2013/testament-numerique/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Testament numérique</a>,
  606. et <a href="/david/blog/" title="Accéder aux archives">bien d’autres…</a>
  607. </p>
  608. <p>
  609. On peut <a href="mailto:david%40larlet.fr" title="Envoyer un courriel">échanger par courriel</a>. Si éventuellement tu souhaites que l’on travaille ensemble, tu devrais commencer par consulter le <a href="http://larlet.com">profil dédié à mon activité professionnelle</a> et/ou contacter directement <a href="http://scopyleft.fr/">scopyleft</a>, la <abbr title="Société coopérative et participative">SCOP</abbr> dont je fais partie depuis six ans. Je recommande au préalable de lire <a href="/david/blog/2018/cout-site/" title="Attention ce qui va suivre peut vous choquer">combien coûte un site</a> et pourquoi je suis plutôt favorable à une <a href="/david/pro/devis/" title="Discutons-en !">non-demande de devis</a>.
  610. </p>
  611. <p>
  612. Je ne traque pas ta navigation mais mon
  613. <abbr title="Alwaysdata, 62 rue Tiquetonne 75002 Paris, +33.184162340">hébergeur</abbr>
  614. conserve des logs d’accès.
  615. </p>
  616. </div>
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