A place to cache linked articles (think custom and personal wayback machine)
Nelze vybrat více než 25 témat Téma musí začínat písmenem nebo číslem, může obsahovat pomlčky („-“) a může být dlouhé až 35 znaků.

index.html 15KB

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206
  1. <!doctype html><!-- This is a valid HTML5 document. -->
  2. <!-- Screen readers, SEO, extensions and so on. -->
  3. <html lang="fr">
  4. <!-- Has to be within the first 1024 bytes, hence before the `title` element
  5. See: https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-html5-20121217/document-metadata.html#charset -->
  6. <meta charset="utf-8">
  7. <!-- Why no `X-UA-Compatible` meta: https://stackoverflow.com/a/6771584 -->
  8. <!-- The viewport meta is quite crowded and we are responsible for that.
  9. See: https://codepen.io/tigt/post/meta-viewport-for-2015 -->
  10. <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
  11. <!-- Required to make a valid HTML5 document. -->
  12. <title>Visualized: The 4 Billion Year Path of Human Evolution (archive) — David Larlet</title>
  13. <meta name="description" content="Publication mise en cache pour en conserver une trace.">
  14. <!-- That good ol' feed, subscribe :). -->
  15. <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Feed" href="/david/log/">
  16. <!-- Generated from https://realfavicongenerator.net/ such a mess. -->
  17. <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/static/david/icons2/apple-touch-icon.png">
  18. <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/static/david/icons2/favicon-32x32.png">
  19. <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/static/david/icons2/favicon-16x16.png">
  20. <link rel="manifest" href="/static/david/icons2/site.webmanifest">
  21. <link rel="mask-icon" href="/static/david/icons2/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#07486c">
  22. <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/david/icons2/favicon.ico">
  23. <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#f7f7f7">
  24. <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/static/david/icons2/browserconfig.xml">
  25. <meta name="theme-color" content="#f7f7f7" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)">
  26. <meta name="theme-color" content="#272727" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)">
  27. <!-- Is that even respected? Retrospectively? What a shAItshow…
  28. https://neil-clarke.com/block-the-bots-that-feed-ai-models-by-scraping-your-website/ -->
  29. <meta name="robots" content="noai, noimageai">
  30. <!-- Documented, feel free to shoot an email. -->
  31. <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/david/css/style_2021-01-20.css">
  32. <!-- See https://www.zachleat.com/web/comprehensive-webfonts/ for the trade-off. -->
  33. <link rel="preload" href="/static/david/css/fonts/triplicate_t4_poly_regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light), (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference)" crossorigin>
  34. <link rel="preload" href="/static/david/css/fonts/triplicate_t4_poly_bold.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light), (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference)" crossorigin>
  35. <link rel="preload" href="/static/david/css/fonts/triplicate_t4_poly_italic.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light), (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference)" crossorigin>
  36. <link rel="preload" href="/static/david/css/fonts/triplicate_t3_regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" crossorigin>
  37. <link rel="preload" href="/static/david/css/fonts/triplicate_t3_bold.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" crossorigin>
  38. <link rel="preload" href="/static/david/css/fonts/triplicate_t3_italic.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" crossorigin>
  39. <script>
  40. function toggleTheme(themeName) {
  41. document.documentElement.classList.toggle(
  42. 'forced-dark',
  43. themeName === 'dark'
  44. )
  45. document.documentElement.classList.toggle(
  46. 'forced-light',
  47. themeName === 'light'
  48. )
  49. }
  50. const selectedTheme = localStorage.getItem('theme')
  51. if (selectedTheme !== 'undefined') {
  52. toggleTheme(selectedTheme)
  53. }
  54. </script>
  55. <meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">
  56. <meta content="origin-when-cross-origin" name="referrer">
  57. <!-- Canonical URL for SEO purposes -->
  58. <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/path-of-human-evolution/">
  59. <body class="remarkdown h1-underline h2-underline h3-underline em-underscore hr-center ul-star pre-tick" data-instant-intensity="viewport-all">
  60. <article>
  61. <header>
  62. <h1>Visualized: The 4 Billion Year Path of Human Evolution</h1>
  63. </header>
  64. <nav>
  65. <p class="center">
  66. <a href="/david/" title="Aller à l’accueil"><svg class="icon icon-home">
  67. <use xlink:href="/static/david/icons2/symbol-defs-2021-12.svg#icon-home"></use>
  68. </svg> Accueil</a> •
  69. <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/path-of-human-evolution/" title="Lien vers le contenu original">Source originale</a>
  70. </p>
  71. </nav>
  72. <hr>
  73. <p><img src="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Human-Evolution_VF.png" class="ss-hidden-pin-image" alt="" /> </p>
  74. <p>The story of human evolution is a fascinating one, stretching back in an unbroken chain over millions of <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/nature-timespiral-the-evolution-of-earth-from-the-big-bang/">years</a>. </p>
  75. <p>From the tiniest protocells to modern humans, our species has undergone a remarkable journey of adaptation, innovation, and survival.</p>
  76. <p>In this article, we take a look at the key developmental stages in the evolution of <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/all-the-biomass-of-earth-in-one-graphic/">life on Earth</a> that led to the emergence of <em>Homo sapiens</em>—us!</p>
  77. <h2>From Protocells to People</h2>
  78. <p>Evolution is the result of millions of minute mutations over millions of years, but the evolutionary process that created us can bucketed into a few key categories.</p>
  79. <p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/keyevolutionarystages.png" alt="Key Evolutionary Stages of Human Evolution" width="820" height="287" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-157563" srcset="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/keyevolutionarystages.png 820w, https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/keyevolutionarystages-768x269.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /></p>
  80. <h4>1. Protocells and Early Microorganisms</h4>
  81. <p>The first life forms on Earth were simple, single-celled <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-many-shapes-of-bacteria/">microorganisms</a> known as protocells. These precursor cells lacked a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, and they had simple genetic proteins called RNA.</p>
  82. <p>Over time, RNA complexified into the more stable <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/basics-of-dna-and-genetic-systems/">DNA</a>. Protocells slowly developed specialized organelles, becoming more complex microbes that would eventually form eukaryotes &#8211; the complex, unicellular organisms that would birth a diverse array of life forms, from simple sponges to complex animals.</p>
  83. <h4>2. The First Animals</h4>
  84. <p><em>Dickinsonia </em>is the earliest example of an animal we know of. Though it was a simple, flat creature that lacked a mouth or digestive system, it symbolizes the first multicellular organism of substantial complexity.</p>
  85. <p>Over time, the first sophisticated organ systems began to arise. Bilateral symmetry emerged, as well as early versions of the nervous and circulatory systems. Simple eyes, called <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/eye-evolution/">eyespots</a>, also appeared around the time that spinal cords and vertebrate creatures began to emerge.</p>
  86. <h4>3. Fish and Tetrapods</h4>
  87. <p>One of the most significant developments in the evolution of life was the transition from marine to terrestrial environments.</p>
  88. <p>Up until 500 million years ago, all life was sequestered in the sea. Fish were the first vertebrates and introduced additional organs like stomachs, spleens, and body components like scales, teeth, blood, and more. Bony fish arose, and over time their development brought about sophisticated changes to the skeletal system, eventually producing “proto-limbs” that would enable organisms to walk on land. </p>
  89. <p>Researchers are still unsure which specific organism might have first crawled on land, but candidates share these pre-limb characteristics. Tiktaalik is one popular candidate because it had specialized bones that suggest it could support its own weight while moving out of shallow waters.</p>
  90. <p>These creatures eventually became the <strong>tetrapods</strong> (“four-footed&#8221;), and they had features like four-legs, a backbone, and lungs which could absorb oxygen from air. All the amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals that followed are descendants of the original tetrapods.</p>
  91. <h4>4. The First Mammals</h4>
  92. <p>Around 200 million years ago, the first mammals emerged. These early mammals were small, <a href="https://www.livescience.com/26936-mother-placental-mammals-infographic.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">shrew-like creatures</a> that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Over time, however, mammals evolved hair, specialized teeth, sweat glands to regulate body temperature, and a more efficient circulatory system.</p>
  93. <p>Mammals also brought about features like nocturnality, mammary glands, external genitalia, and a variety of other features that distinguished them from other living species at the time, like birds or reptiles.</p>
  94. <h4>5. The Great Apes and First <em>Homo </em>Species</h4>
  95. <p>Around 7 million years ago, the first great apes emerged in Africa. These apes, such as orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees, were highly intelligent and social creatures that lived in complex communities. Over time, one lineage of apes would give rise to the first members of the genus <em>Homo</em>, which includes our own species.</p>
  96. <p>The main developmental changes during this time were the full-time bipedalism of apes, increasing brain size, and advanced bone development that enabled dexterity for tool construction and hunting. Inventions like fire and clothing arose early in the <em>Homo</em> genus, and eventually complex language, hair loss, and dramatic facial changes would evolve.</p>
  97. <p>Researchers struggle with resolving the exact progression of the <em>Homo </em>species. Many <em>Homo </em>species existed at the same time, and since many fossil records overlap, resolving which ones came first is an area of intense focus.</p>
  98. <h2> The Future of Human Evolution </h2>
  99. <p>As humans continue to evolve, we can expect to see significant changes in our physical and cognitive abilities over the next 10,000 years.</p>
  100. <p>With the rise of technology and the increasing interconnectedness of the world, we may see a shift towards a more globalized and homogeneous human population, with less genetic diversity.</p>
  101. <p>This has been described as &#8220;The Great Averaging”, where genetic diversity minimizes and we start to become more alike.</p>
  102. <p>Other theories suggest that we might develop features like a taller, lighter build, with smaller brains and a less aggressive personality.</p>
  103. <p>However, as with all evolution, these changes will be shaped by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and cultural factors. It is impossible to predict exactly how humans will evolve over the next 10,000 years, but one thing is certain: the future of human evolution will be shaped by the choices we make today.</p>
  104. <p><em>Note: This is a complex topic with new research being published all the time. We’ll continue to dynamically update this graphic to reflect the most recent understanding of evolution.</em></p>
  105. </article>
  106. <hr>
  107. <footer>
  108. <p>
  109. <a href="/david/" title="Aller à l’accueil"><svg class="icon icon-home">
  110. <use xlink:href="/static/david/icons2/symbol-defs-2021-12.svg#icon-home"></use>
  111. </svg> Accueil</a> •
  112. <a href="/david/log/" title="Accès au flux RSS"><svg class="icon icon-rss2">
  113. <use xlink:href="/static/david/icons2/symbol-defs-2021-12.svg#icon-rss2"></use>
  114. </svg> Suivre</a> •
  115. <a href="http://larlet.com" title="Go to my English profile" data-instant><svg class="icon icon-user-tie">
  116. <use xlink:href="/static/david/icons2/symbol-defs-2021-12.svg#icon-user-tie"></use>
  117. </svg> Pro</a> •
  118. <a href="mailto:david%40larlet.fr" title="Envoyer un courriel"><svg class="icon icon-mail">
  119. <use xlink:href="/static/david/icons2/symbol-defs-2021-12.svg#icon-mail"></use>
  120. </svg> Email</a> •
  121. <abbr class="nowrap" title="Hébergeur : Alwaysdata, 62 rue Tiquetonne 75002 Paris, +33184162340"><svg class="icon icon-hammer2">
  122. <use xlink:href="/static/david/icons2/symbol-defs-2021-12.svg#icon-hammer2"></use>
  123. </svg> Légal</abbr>
  124. </p>
  125. <template id="theme-selector">
  126. <form>
  127. <fieldset>
  128. <legend><svg class="icon icon-brightness-contrast">
  129. <use xlink:href="/static/david/icons2/symbol-defs-2021-12.svg#icon-brightness-contrast"></use>
  130. </svg> Thème</legend>
  131. <label>
  132. <input type="radio" value="auto" name="chosen-color-scheme" checked> Auto
  133. </label>
  134. <label>
  135. <input type="radio" value="dark" name="chosen-color-scheme"> Foncé
  136. </label>
  137. <label>
  138. <input type="radio" value="light" name="chosen-color-scheme"> Clair
  139. </label>
  140. </fieldset>
  141. </form>
  142. </template>
  143. </footer>
  144. <script src="/static/david/js/instantpage-5.1.0.min.js" type="module"></script>
  145. <script>
  146. function loadThemeForm(templateName) {
  147. const themeSelectorTemplate = document.querySelector(templateName)
  148. const form = themeSelectorTemplate.content.firstElementChild
  149. themeSelectorTemplate.replaceWith(form)
  150. form.addEventListener('change', (e) => {
  151. const chosenColorScheme = e.target.value
  152. localStorage.setItem('theme', chosenColorScheme)
  153. toggleTheme(chosenColorScheme)
  154. })
  155. const selectedTheme = localStorage.getItem('theme')
  156. if (selectedTheme && selectedTheme !== 'undefined') {
  157. form.querySelector(`[value="${selectedTheme}"]`).checked = true
  158. }
  159. }
  160. const prefersColorSchemeDark = '(prefers-color-scheme: dark)'
  161. window.addEventListener('load', () => {
  162. let hasDarkRules = false
  163. for (const styleSheet of Array.from(document.styleSheets)) {
  164. let mediaRules = []
  165. for (const cssRule of styleSheet.cssRules) {
  166. if (cssRule.type !== CSSRule.MEDIA_RULE) {
  167. continue
  168. }
  169. // WARNING: Safari does not have/supports `conditionText`.
  170. if (cssRule.conditionText) {
  171. if (cssRule.conditionText !== prefersColorSchemeDark) {
  172. continue
  173. }
  174. } else {
  175. if (cssRule.cssText.startsWith(prefersColorSchemeDark)) {
  176. continue
  177. }
  178. }
  179. mediaRules = mediaRules.concat(Array.from(cssRule.cssRules))
  180. }
  181. // WARNING: do not try to insert a Rule to a styleSheet you are
  182. // currently iterating on, otherwise the browser will be stuck
  183. // in a infinite loop…
  184. for (const mediaRule of mediaRules) {
  185. styleSheet.insertRule(mediaRule.cssText)
  186. hasDarkRules = true
  187. }
  188. }
  189. if (hasDarkRules) {
  190. loadThemeForm('#theme-selector')
  191. }
  192. })
  193. </script>
  194. </body>
  195. </html>