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larlet-fr-david-cache
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A place to cache linked articles (think custom and personal wayback machine)
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larlet-fr-david-cache/cache/68f2d862066c644a50f929e8a78.../index.html

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  1. <!doctype html><!-- This is a valid HTML5 document. -->

  2. <!-- Screen readers, SEO, extensions and so on. -->

  3. <html lang=fr>

  4. <!-- Has to be within the first 1024 bytes, hence before the <title>

  5.   See: https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-html5-20121217/document-metadata.html#charset -->

  6. <meta charset=utf-8>

  7. <!-- Why no `X-UA-Compatible` meta: https://stackoverflow.com/a/6771584 -->

  8. <!-- The viewport meta is quite crowded and we are responsible for that.

  9.   See: https://codepen.io/tigt/post/meta-viewport-for-2015 -->

  10. <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1,shrink-to-fit=no">

  11. <!-- Required to make a valid HTML5 document. -->

  12. <title>i18n with tagged template strings in ECMAScript 6 (archive) — David Larlet</title>

  13. <!-- Generated from https://realfavicongenerator.net/ such a mess. -->

  14. <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/static/david/icons/apple-touch-icon.png">

  15. <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/static/david/icons/favicon-32x32.png">

  16. <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/static/david/icons/favicon-16x16.png">

  17. <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json">

  18. <link rel="mask-icon" href="/static/david/icons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5">

  19. <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/david/icons/favicon.ico">

  20. <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="David Larlet">

  21. <meta name="application-name" content="David Larlet">

  22. <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c">

  23. <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/static/david/icons/browserconfig.xml">

  24. <meta name="theme-color" content="#f0f0ea">

  25. <!-- That good ol' feed, subscribe :p. -->

  26. <link rel=alternate type="application/atom+xml" title=Feed href="/david/log/">

  27. 

  28.   <meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">

  29.   <meta content="origin-when-cross-origin" name="referrer">

  30.   <!-- Canonical URL for SEO purposes -->

  31.   <link rel="canonical" href="http://jaysoo.ca/2014/03/20/i18n-with-es6-template-strings/">

  32. 

  33. <style>

  34. /* http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/ */

  35. html, body, div, span,

  36. h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre,

  37. a, abbr, address, big, cite, code,

  38. del, dfn, em, img, ins,

  39. small, strike, strong, tt, var,

  40. dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li,

  41. fieldset, form, label, legend,

  42. table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td,

  43. article, aside, canvas, details, embed,

  44. figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup,

  45. menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary,

  46. time, mark, audio, video {

  47.   margin: 0;

  48.   padding: 0;

  49.   border: 0;

  50.   font-size: 100%;

  51.   font: inherit;

  52.   vertical-align: baseline;

  53. }

  54. /* HTML5 display-role reset for older browsers */

  55. article, aside, details, figcaption, figure,

  56. footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section { display: block; }

  57. body { line-height: 1; }

  58. blockquote, q { quotes: none; }

  59. blockquote:before, blockquote:after,

  60. q:before, q:after {

  61.   content: '';

  62.   content: none;

  63. }

  64. table {

  65.   border-collapse: collapse;

  66.   border-spacing: 0;

  67. }

  68. 

  69. /* http://practicaltypography.com/equity.html */

  70. /* https://calendar.perfplanet.com/2016/no-font-face-bulletproof-syntax/ */

  71. /* https://www.filamentgroup.com/lab/js-web-fonts.html */

  72. @font-face {

  73.   font-family: 'EquityTextB';

  74.   src: url('/static/david/css/fonts/Equity-Text-B-Regular-webfont.woff2') format('woff2'),

  75.        url('/static/david/css/fonts/Equity-Text-B-Regular-webfont.woff') format('woff');

  76.   font-weight: 300;

  77.   font-style: normal;

  78.   font-display: swap;

  79. }

  80. @font-face {

  81.   font-family: 'EquityTextB';

  82.   src: url('/static/david/css/fonts/Equity-Text-B-Italic-webfont.woff2') format('woff2'),

  83.        url('/static/david/css/fonts/Equity-Text-B-Italic-webfont.woff') format('woff');

  84.   font-weight: 300;

  85.   font-style: italic;

  86.   font-display: swap;

  87. }

  88. @font-face {

  89.   font-family: 'EquityTextB';

  90.   src: url('/static/david/css/fonts/Equity-Text-B-Bold-webfont.woff2') format('woff2'),

  91.        url('/static/david/css/fonts/Equity-Text-B-Bold-webfont.woff') format('woff');

  92.   font-weight: 700;

  93.   font-style: normal;

  94.   font-display: swap;

  95. }

  96. 

  97. @font-face {

  98.   font-family: 'ConcourseT3';

  99.   src: url('/static/david/css/fonts/concourse_t3_regular-webfont-20190806.woff2') format('woff2'),

  100.        url('/static/david/css/fonts/concourse_t3_regular-webfont-20190806.woff') format('woff');

  101.   font-weight: 300;

  102.   font-style: normal;

  103.   font-display: swap;

  104. }

  105. 

  106. 

  107. /* http://practice.typekit.com/lesson/caring-about-opentype-features/ */

  108. body {

  109.   /* http://www.cssfontstack.com/ Palatino 99% Win 86% Mac */

  110.   font-family: "EquityTextB", Palatino, serif;

  111.   background-color: #f0f0ea;

  112.   color: #07486c;

  113.   font-kerning: normal;

  114.   -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;

  115.   -webkit-font-smoothing: subpixel-antialiased;

  116.   text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;

  117.   font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures contextual;

  118.   font-feature-settings: "kern", "liga", "clig", "calt";

  119. }

  120. pre, code, kbd, samp, var, tt {

  121.   font-family: 'TriplicateT4c', monospace;

  122. }

  123. em {

  124.   font-style: italic;

  125.   color: #323a45;

  126. }

  127. strong {

  128.   font-weight: bold;

  129.   color: black;

  130. }

  131. nav {

  132.   background-color: #323a45;

  133.   color: #f0f0ea;

  134.   display: flex;

  135.   justify-content: space-around;

  136.   padding: 1rem .5rem;

  137. }

  138.   nav:last-child {

  139.     border-bottom: 1vh solid #2d7474;

  140.   }

  141.   nav a {

  142.     color: #f0f0ea;

  143.   }

  144.   nav abbr {

  145.     border-bottom: 1px dotted white;

  146.   }

  147. 

  148. h1 {

  149.   border-top: 1vh solid #2d7474;

  150.   border-bottom: .2vh dotted #2d7474;

  151.   background-color: #e3e1e1;

  152.   color: #323a45;

  153.   text-align: center;

  154.   padding: 5rem 0 4rem 0;

  155.   width: 100%;

  156.   font-family: 'ConcourseT3';

  157.   display: flex;

  158.   flex-direction: column;

  159. }

  160.   h1.single {

  161.     padding-bottom: 10rem;

  162.   }

  163.   h1 span {

  164.     position: absolute;

  165.     top: 1vh;

  166.     left: 20%;

  167.     line-height: 0;

  168.   }

  169.     h1 span a {

  170.       line-height: 1.7;

  171.       padding: 1rem 1.2rem .6rem 1.2rem;

  172.       border-radius: 0 0 6% 6%;

  173.       background: #2d7474;

  174.       font-size: 1.3rem;

  175.       color: white;

  176.       text-decoration: none;

  177.     }

  178. h2 {

  179.   margin: 4rem 0 1rem;

  180.   border-top: .2vh solid #2d7474;

  181.   padding-top: 1vh;

  182. }

  183. h3 {

  184.   text-align: center;

  185.   margin: 3rem 0 .75em;

  186. }

  187. hr {

  188.   height: .4rem;

  189.   width: .4rem;

  190.   border-radius: .4rem;

  191.   background: #07486c;

  192.   margin: 2.5rem auto;

  193. }

  194. time {

  195.   display: bloc;

  196.   margin-left: 0 !important;

  197. }

  198. ul, ol {

  199.   margin: 2rem;

  200. }

  201. ul {

  202.   list-style-type: square;

  203. }

  204. a {

  205.   text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;

  206.   text-decoration-thickness: 0.05em;

  207.   text-underline-offset: 0.09em;

  208. }

  209. article {

  210.   max-width: 50rem;

  211.   display: flex;

  212.   flex-direction: column;

  213.   margin: 2rem auto;

  214. }

  215.   article.single {

  216.     border-top: .2vh dotted #2d7474;

  217.     margin: -6rem auto 1rem auto;

  218.     background: #f0f0ea;

  219.     padding: 2rem;

  220.   }

  221.   article p:last-child {

  222.     margin-bottom: 1rem;

  223.   }

  224. p {

  225.   padding: 0 .5rem;

  226.   margin-left: 3rem;

  227. }

  228.   p + p,

  229.   figure + p {

  230.     margin-top: 2rem;

  231.   }

  232. 

  233. blockquote {

  234.   background-color: #e3e1e1;

  235.   border-left: .5vw solid #2d7474;

  236.   display: flex;

  237.   flex-direction: column;

  238.   align-items: center;

  239.   padding: 1rem;

  240.   margin: 1.5rem;

  241. }

  242.   blockquote cite {

  243.     font-style: italic;

  244.   }

  245.   blockquote p {

  246.     margin-left: 0;

  247.   }

  248. 

  249. figure {

  250.   border-top: .2vh solid #2d7474;

  251.   background-color: #e3e1e1;

  252.   text-align: center;

  253.   padding: 1.5rem 0;

  254.   margin: 1rem 0 0;

  255.   font-size: 1.5rem;

  256.   width: 100%;

  257. }

  258.   figure img {

  259.     max-width: 250px;

  260.     max-height: 250px;

  261.     border: .5vw solid #323a45;

  262.     padding: 1px;

  263.   }

  264. figcaption {

  265.   padding: 1rem;

  266.   line-height: 1.4;

  267. }

  268. aside {

  269.   display: flex;

  270.   flex-direction: column;

  271.   background-color: #e3e1e1;

  272.   padding: 1rem 0;

  273.   border-bottom: .2vh solid #07486c;

  274. }

  275.   aside p {

  276.     max-width: 50rem;

  277.     margin: 0 auto;

  278.   }

  279. 

  280. /* https://fvsch.com/code/css-locks/ */

  281. p, li, pre, code, kbd, samp, var, tt, time, details, figcaption {

  282.   font-size: 1rem;

  283.   line-height: calc( 1.5em + 0.2 * 1rem );

  284. }

  285. h1 {

  286.   font-size: 1.9rem;

  287.   line-height: calc( 1.2em + 0.2 * 1rem );

  288. }

  289. h2 {

  290.   font-size: 1.6rem;

  291.   line-height: calc( 1.3em + 0.2 * 1rem );

  292. }

  293. h3 {

  294.   font-size: 1.35rem;

  295.   line-height: calc( 1.4em + 0.2 * 1rem );

  296. }

  297. @media (min-width: 20em) {

  298.   /* The (100vw - 20rem) / (50 - 20) part

  299.      resolves to 0-1rem, depending on the

  300.      viewport width (between 20em and 50em). */

  301.   p, li, pre, code, kbd, samp, var, tt, time, details, figcaption {

  302.     font-size: calc( 1rem + .6 * (100vw - 20rem) / (50 - 20) );

  303.     line-height: calc( 1.5em + 0.2 * (100vw - 50rem) / (20 - 50) );

  304.     margin-left: 0;

  305.   }

  306.   h1 {

  307.     font-size: calc( 1.9rem + 1.5 * (100vw - 20rem) / (50 - 20) );

  308.     line-height: calc( 1.2em + 0.2 * (100vw - 50rem) / (20 - 50) );

  309.   }

  310.   h2 {

  311.     font-size: calc( 1.5rem + 1.5 * (100vw - 20rem) / (50 - 20) );

  312.     line-height: calc( 1.3em + 0.2 * (100vw - 50rem) / (20 - 50) );

  313.   }

  314.   h3 {

  315.     font-size: calc( 1.35rem + 1.5 * (100vw - 20rem) / (50 - 20) );

  316.     line-height: calc( 1.4em + 0.2 * (100vw - 50rem) / (20 - 50) );

  317.   }

  318. }

  319. @media (min-width: 50em) {

  320.   /* The right part of the addition *must* be a

  321.      rem value. In this example we *could* change

  322.      the whole declaration to font-size:2.5rem,

  323.      but if our baseline value was not expressed

  324.      in rem we would have to use calc. */

  325.   p, li, pre, code, kbd, samp, var, tt, time, details, figcaption {

  326.     font-size: calc( 1rem + .6 * 1rem );

  327.     line-height: 1.5em;

  328.   }

  329.   p, li, pre, details {

  330.     margin-left: 3rem;

  331.   }

  332.   h1 {

  333.     font-size: calc( 1.9rem + 1.5 * 1rem );

  334.     line-height: 1.2em;

  335.   }

  336.   h2 {

  337.     font-size: calc( 1.5rem + 1.5 * 1rem );

  338.     line-height: 1.3em;

  339.   }

  340.   h3 {

  341.     font-size: calc( 1.35rem + 1.5 * 1rem );

  342.     line-height: 1.4em;

  343.   }

  344.   figure img {

  345.     max-width: 500px;

  346.     max-height: 500px;

  347.   }

  348. }

  349. 

  350. figure.unsquared {

  351.   margin-bottom: 1.5rem;

  352. }

  353.   figure.unsquared img {

  354.     height: inherit;

  355.   }

  356. 

  357. 

  358. 

  359. @media print {

  360.   body { font-size: 100%; }

  361.   a:after { content: " (" attr(href) ")"; }

  362.   a, a:link, a:visited, a:after {

  363.     text-decoration: underline;

  364.     text-shadow: none !important;

  365.     background-image: none !important;

  366.     background: white;

  367.     color: black;

  368.   }

  369.   abbr[title] { border-bottom: 0; }

  370.   abbr[title]:after { content: " (" attr(title) ")"; }

  371.   img { page-break-inside: avoid; }

  372.   @page { margin: 2cm .5cm; }

  373.   h1, h2, h3 { page-break-after: avoid; }

  374.   p3 { orphans: 3; widows: 3; }

  375.   img {

  376.     max-width: 250px !important;

  377.     max-height: 250px !important;

  378.   }

  379.   nav, aside { display: none; }

  380. }

  381. 

  382. ul.with_columns {

  383.   column-count: 1;

  384. }

  385. @media (min-width: 20em) {

  386.   ul.with_columns {

  387.     column-count: 2;

  388.   }

  389. }

  390. @media (min-width: 50em) {

  391.   ul.with_columns {

  392.     column-count: 3;

  393.   }

  394. }

  395. ul.with_two_columns {

  396.   column-count: 1;

  397. }

  398. @media (min-width: 20em) {

  399.   ul.with_two_columns {

  400.     column-count: 1;

  401.   }

  402. }

  403. @media (min-width: 50em) {

  404.   ul.with_two_columns {

  405.     column-count: 2;

  406.   }

  407. }

  408. 

  409. .gallery {

  410.   display: flex;

  411.   flex-wrap: wrap;

  412.   justify-content: space-around;

  413. }

  414.   .gallery figure img {

  415.     margin-left: 1rem;

  416.     margin-right: 1rem;

  417.   }

  418.   .gallery figure figcaption {

  419.     font-family: 'ConcourseT3'

  420.   }

  421. 

  422. footer {

  423.   font-family: 'ConcourseT3';

  424.   display: flex;

  425.   flex-direction: column;

  426.   border-top: 3px solid white;

  427.   padding: 4rem 0;

  428.   background-color: #07486c;

  429.   color: white;

  430. }

  431.   footer > * {

  432.     max-width: 50rem;

  433.     margin: 0 auto;

  434.   }

  435.   footer a {

  436.     color: #f1c40f;

  437.   }

  438.   footer .avatar {

  439.     width: 200px;

  440.     height: 200px;

  441.     border-radius: 50%;

  442.     float: left;

  443.     -webkit-shape-outside: circle();

  444.     shape-outside: circle();

  445.     margin-right: 2rem;

  446.     padding: 2px 5px 5px 2px;

  447.     background: white;

  448.     border-left: 1px solid #f1c40f;

  449.     border-top: 1px solid #f1c40f;

  450.     border-right: 5px solid #f1c40f;

  451.     border-bottom: 5px solid #f1c40f;

  452.   }

  453. </style>

  454. 

  455. <h1>

  456.   <span><a id="jumper" href="#jumpto" title="Un peu perdu ?">?</a></span>

  457.   i18n with tagged template strings in ECMAScript 6 (archive)

  458.   <time>Pour la pérennité des contenus liés. Non-indexé, retrait sur simple email.</time>

  459. </h1>

  460. <section>

  461.   <article>

  462.     <h3><a href="http://jaysoo.ca/2014/03/20/i18n-with-es6-template-strings/">Source originale du contenu</a></h3>

  463.     <p>One of the new features coming to ECMAScript 6 (ES6), the next version of

  464. JavaScript standards, is the <strong>template string</strong>. The simplest use cases for

  465. template strings are creating multiline strings, and doing string interpolation.</p>

  466. 

  467. <p>Multiline string:</p>

  468. 

  469. <div class="highlight"><pre><code class="javascript"><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">This</span> <span class="nx">is</span>

  470. <span class="nx">a</span> <span class="nx">multiline</span>

  471. <span class="nx">string</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="p">;</span>

  472. </code></pre></div>

  473. 

  474. <p>String interpolation:</p>

  475. 

  476. <div class="highlight"><pre><code class="javascript"><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">firstName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Bob'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">lastName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Smith'</span><span class="p">;</span>

  477. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">Hello</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">firstName</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">lastName</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// 'Hello Bob Smith!'</span>

  478. </code></pre></div>

  479. 

  480. <p>You can also <strong>tag</strong> a template string by adding an expression before it.

  481. When a template string is tagged, the literals and substitutions are passed to

  482. the tag function, and whatever returns from the function is the resulting value.</p>

  483. 

  484. <div class="highlight"><pre><code class="javascript"><span class="kd">function</span> <span class="nx">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">literals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">values</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  485.   <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">;</span>

  486. <span class="p">}</span>

  487. 

  488. <span class="nx">foo</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">What</span> <span class="k">do</span> <span class="nx">you</span> <span class="nx">get</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nx">you</span> <span class="nx">multiply</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="nx">by</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// 42</span>

  489. 

  490. <span class="c1">// In the foo function:</span>

  491. <span class="c1">//   literals = ['What do you  get if you multiply ', ' by ', '?']</span>

  492. <span class="c1">//   values[0] = 6</span>

  493. <span class="c1">//   values[1] = 9</span>

  494. </code></pre></div>

  495. 

  496. <p>This feature opens up some interesting syntactic sugar for producing and manipulating

  497. content. One such example is <strong>Internationalization</strong> or <strong>i18n</strong>.</p>

  498. 

  499. <p>In this post we’ll look at:</p>

  500. 

  501. <ul>

  502.   <li>Implementing a basic i18n tag function for translating messages.</li>

  503.   <li>Localization (l10n) of values using the <strong>Intl</strong> native object.</li>

  504. </ul>

  505. 

  506. <p>This post requires some knowledge of new ES6 features such as array comprehensions,

  507. arrow functions, spreads, etc. If you are new to ES6, I suggest brushing up on the

  508. basics. I found Ariya’s <a href="http://ariya.ofilabs.com/tag/es6">posts on ES6</a> to be useful.</p>

  509. 

  510. <h2 id="the-i18n-tag">The i18n tag</h2>

  511. 

  512. <p>Let’s start with an example of how we want to use the <code>i18n</code> tag.</p>

  513. 

  514. <div class="highlight"><pre><code class="javascript"><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Bob'</span><span class="p">;</span>

  515. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">amount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">;</span>

  516. <span class="nx">i18n</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">Hello</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="nx">you</span> <span class="nx">have</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">amount</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">CAD</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">bank</span> <span class="nx">account</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="err">`</span>

  517. </code></pre></div>

  518. 

  519. <p>Here, we are expecting to translate the literals into the language of our choosing.

  520. We are also adding optional annotations to the substitutions. In this case, the

  521. <code>amount</code> value has the <code>:c(CAD)</code> annotation, which marks it as a currency <strong>type</strong>

  522. that is in Canadian Dollars (CAD).</p>

  523. 

  524. <p>If we translated this string to German, for example, we expect the result to be

  525. <code>'Hallo Bob, Sie haben 1.234,56 $CA auf Ihrem Bankkonto.'</code> Note that the currency

  526. amount has thousands and decimal separator as per German locale.</p>

  527. 

  528. <h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>

  529. 

  530. <p>We’ll allow configuration of our <code>i18n</code> tag through <code>I18n.use</code>.</p>

  531. 

  532. <div class="highlight"><pre><code class="javascript"><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_de</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  533.   <span class="s1">'Hello {0}, you have {1} in your bank account.'</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'Hallo {0}, Sie haben {1} auf Ihrem Bankkonto.'</span>

  534. <span class="p">};</span>

  535. 

  536. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">i18n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">use</span><span class="p">({</span>

  537.   <span class="nx">locale</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'de-DE'</span><span class="p">,</span>

  538.   <span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'EUR'</span><span class="p">,</span>

  539.   <span class="nx">messageBundle</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_de</span><span class="p">});</span>

  540. 

  541. <span class="c1">// Now we can translate our string to German, with the Euro being the default currency</span>

  542. 

  543. <span class="nx">i18n</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">Hello</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="nx">you</span> <span class="nx">have</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">amount</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">CAD</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">bank</span> <span class="nx">account</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="err">`</span>

  544. <span class="c1">// =&gt; Hallo Bob, Sie haben 1.234,56 $CA auf Ihrem Bankkonto.</span>

  545. </code></pre></div>

  546. 

  547. <p>Let’s start with implementing the <code>I18n.use</code> method, which should return the

  548. tag function.</p>

  549. 

  550. <div class="highlight"><pre><code class="javascript"><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  551.   <span class="nx">use</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="nx">lang</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle</span><span class="p">})</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  552.     <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">lang</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">lang</span><span class="p">;</span>

  553.     <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span><span class="p">;</span>

  554.     <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">messageBundle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle</span><span class="p">;</span>

  555.     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">translate</span><span class="p">;</span>

  556.   <span class="p">},</span>

  557. 

  558.   <span class="nx">translate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">literals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">values</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  559.     <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">translationKey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">...;</span>

  560.     <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">translationString</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">messages</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">translationKey</span><span class="p">];</span>

  561. 

  562.     <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">translationString</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  563.       <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">localizedValues</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">...;</span>

  564.       <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">_buildMessage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">translationString</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">localizedValues</span><span class="p">);</span>

  565.     <span class="p">}</span>

  566. 

  567.     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s1">'Error: translation missing!'</span><span class="p">;</span>

  568.   <span class="p">}</span>

  569. <span class="p">};</span>

  570. </code></pre></div>

  571. 

  572. <p>The <code>translationString</code> should match the keys in our message bundle. In our previous

  573. German translation example, this would be <code>'Hello {0}, you have {1} in your bank account.'</code>.</p>

  574. 

  575. <p>The <code>localizedValues</code> array is a map of substitution <code>values</code> in their localized

  576. forms. For example, in German <code>1000.12</code> should show as <code>'1.000,12'</code>.</p>

  577. 

  578. <p>Now, I will show a full implementation of the library.</p>

  579. 

  580. <div class="highlight"><pre><code class="javascript"><span class="c1">// Matches optional type annotations in i18n strings.</span>

  581. <span class="c1">// e.g. i18n`This is a number ${x}:n(2)` formats x as number</span>

  582. <span class="c1">//      with two fractional digits.</span>

  583. <span class="kr">const</span> <span class="nx">typeInfoRegex</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sr">/^:([a-z])(\((.+)\))?/</span><span class="p">;</span>

  584. 

  585. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  586.   <span class="nx">use</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="nx">locale</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle</span><span class="p">})</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  587.     <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">locale</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">locale</span><span class="p">;</span>

  588.     <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span><span class="p">;</span>

  589.     <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">messageBundle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle</span><span class="p">;</span>

  590.     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">translate</span><span class="p">;</span>

  591.   <span class="p">},</span>

  592. 

  593.   <span class="nx">translate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">literals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">values</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  594.     <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">translationKey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">_buildKey</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">literals</span><span class="p">);</span>

  595.     <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">translationString</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">messageBundle</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">translationKey</span><span class="p">];</span>

  596. 

  597.     <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">translationString</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  598.       <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">typeInfoForValues</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">literals</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">_extractTypeInfo</span><span class="p">);</span>

  599.       <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">localizedValues</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">values</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">map</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">_localize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">typeInfoForValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">]));</span>

  600.       <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">_buildMessage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">translationString</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">localizedValues</span><span class="p">);</span>

  601.     <span class="p">}</span>

  602. 

  603.     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s1">'Error: translation missing!'</span><span class="p">;</span>

  604.   <span class="p">},</span>

  605. 

  606.   <span class="nx">_localizers</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  607.     <span class="nx">s</span> <span class="cm">/*string*/</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">v</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">toLocaleString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">locale</span><span class="p">),</span>

  608.     <span class="nx">c</span> <span class="cm">/*currency*/</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">currency</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="p">(</span>

  609.       <span class="nx">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">toLocaleString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">locale</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  610.         <span class="nx">style</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'currency'</span><span class="p">,</span>

  611.         <span class="nx">currency</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">currency</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span>

  612.       <span class="p">})</span>

  613.     <span class="p">),</span>

  614.     <span class="nx">n</span> <span class="cm">/*number*/</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">fractionalDigits</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="p">(</span>

  615.       <span class="nx">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">toLocaleString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">locale</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  616.         <span class="nx">minimumFractionDigits</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">fractionalDigits</span><span class="p">,</span>

  617.         <span class="nx">maximumFractionDigits</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">fractionalDigits</span>

  618.       <span class="p">})</span>

  619.     <span class="p">)</span>

  620.   <span class="p">},</span>

  621. 

  622.   <span class="nx">_extractTypeInfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">literal</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  623.     <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">match</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">typeInfoRegex</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">literal</span><span class="p">);</span>

  624.     <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">match</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  625.       <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">match</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="nx">options</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">match</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]};</span>

  626.     <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  627.       <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'s'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">options</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">};</span>

  628.     <span class="p">}</span>

  629.   <span class="p">},</span>

  630. 

  631.   <span class="nx">_localize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">options</span><span class="p">})</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  632.     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">_localizers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">options</span><span class="p">);</span>

  633.   <span class="p">},</span>

  634. 

  635.   <span class="c1">// e.g. I18n._buildKey(['', ' has ', ':c in the']) == '{0} has {1} in the bank'</span>

  636.   <span class="nx">_buildKey</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">literals</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  637.     <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">stripType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">s</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">s</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">typeInfoRegex</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">);</span>

  638.     <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">lastPartialKey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">stripType</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">literals</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">literals</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">length</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]);</span>

  639.     <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">prependPartialKey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">memo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">curr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">stripType</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">curr</span><span class="p">)}{</span><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">}}</span><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">memo</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="p">;</span>

  640. 

  641.     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">literals</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">reduceRight</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">prependPartialKey</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">lastPartialKey</span><span class="p">);</span>

  642.   <span class="p">},</span>

  643. 

  644.   <span class="c1">// e.g. I18n._formatStrings('{0} {1}!', 'hello', 'world') == 'hello world!'</span>

  645.   <span class="nx">_buildMessage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">values</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  646.     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">str</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sr">/{(\d)}/g</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">index</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">Number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="p">)]);</span>

  647.   <span class="p">}</span>

  648. <span class="p">};</span>

  649. 

  650. <span class="c1">// Usage</span>

  651. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_fr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  652.   <span class="s1">'Hello {0}, you have {1} in your bank account.'</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'Bonjour {0}, vous avez {1} dans votre compte bancaire.'</span>

  653. <span class="p">};</span>

  654. 

  655. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_de</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  656. <span class="s1">'Hello {0}, you have {1} in your bank account.'</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'Hallo {0}, Sie haben {1} auf Ihrem Bankkonto.'</span>

  657. <span class="p">};</span>

  658. 

  659. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_zh_Hant</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  660.   <span class="s1">'Hello {0}, you have {1} in your bank account.'</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'你好{0}，你有{1}在您的銀行帳戶。'</span>

  661. <span class="p">};</span>

  662. 

  663. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Bob'</span><span class="p">;</span>

  664. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">amount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1234.56</span><span class="p">;</span>

  665. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">i18n</span><span class="p">;</span>

  666. 

  667. <span class="nx">i18n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">use</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="nx">locale</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'fr-CA'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'CAD'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_fr</span><span class="p">});</span>

  668. <span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">i18n</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">Hello</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="nx">you</span> <span class="nx">have</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">amount</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">c</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">bank</span> <span class="nx">account</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="p">);</span>

  669. 

  670. <span class="nx">i18n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">use</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="nx">locale</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'de-DE'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'EUR'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_de</span><span class="p">});</span>

  671. <span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">i18n</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">Hello</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="nx">you</span> <span class="nx">have</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">amount</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">c</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">bank</span> <span class="nx">account</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="p">);</span>

  672. 

  673. <span class="nx">i18n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">use</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="nx">locale</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'zh-Hant-CN'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'CNY'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_zh_Hant</span><span class="p">});</span>

  674. <span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">i18n</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">Hello</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="nx">you</span> <span class="nx">have</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">amount</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">c</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">bank</span> <span class="nx">account</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="p">);</span>

  675. </code></pre></div>

  676. 

  677. <p>One important thing to note here is that the <code>_localizers</code> are using the

  678. native <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl">Intl</a>

  679. object to localize values.</p>

  680. 

  681. <h3 id="es-internationalization-api">ES Internationalization API</h3>

  682. 

  683. <p>The <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl">Internationalization API</a>

  684. adds new methods to native types, such as <code>Number.prototype.toLocaleString()</code> and <code>Date.prototype.toLocaleDateString()</code>.</p>

  685. 

  686. <p>These methods delegate to three objects: <code>Intl.Collator</code>, <code>Intl.NumberFormat</code>, and <code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code>. The

  687. collator object enables string comparisons to be language sensitive, while the other two are pretty self-explanatory.</p>

  688. 

  689. <p>An option of the <code>NumberFormat</code> we took advantage of in our implementation is the <code>style</code>. The style value can be

  690. <code>decimal</code> (default), <code>currency</code>, or <code>percent</code>. In our case, we used both the currency and decimal support for the <code>:c</code> and

  691. <code>:n</code> annotations respectively. For number localization, we also support rounding of fractional digits through the use of

  692. <code>minimumFractionDigits</code> and <code>maximumFractionDigits</code> options.</p>

  693. 

  694. <h2 id="example-usages">Example usages</h2>

  695. 

  696. <p>Now, we can translate our original string into different languages by configuring

  697. the <code>I18n</code> object using corresponding locales and message bundle.</p>

  698. 

  699. <div class="highlight"><pre><code class="javascript"><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Bob'</span><span class="p">;</span>

  700. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">amount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1234.56</span><span class="p">;</span>

  701. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">i18n</span><span class="p">;</span>

  702. 

  703. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_fr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  704.   <span class="s1">'Hello {0}, you have {1} in your bank account.'</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'Bonjour {0}, vous avez {1} dans votre compte bancaire.'</span>

  705. <span class="p">};</span>

  706. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_de</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  707.   <span class="s1">'Hello {0}, you have {1} in your bank account.'</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'Hallo {0}, Sie haben {1} auf Ihrem Bankkonto'</span>

  708. <span class="p">};</span>

  709. <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_zh_Hant</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>

  710.   <span class="s1">'Hello {0}, you have {1} in your bank account.'</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'你好{0}，你有{1}在您的銀行帳戶。'</span>

  711. <span class="p">};</span>

  712. 

  713. <span class="nx">i18n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">use</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="nx">locale</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'fr-CA'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'CAD'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_fr</span><span class="p">});</span>

  714. <span class="nx">i18n</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">Hello</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="nx">you</span> <span class="nx">have</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">amount</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">c</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">bank</span> <span class="nx">account</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="p">;</span>

  715. <span class="c1">// =&gt; 'Bonjour Bob, vous avez 1 234,56 $CA dans votre compte bancaire.'</span>

  716. 

  717. <span class="nx">i18n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">use</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="nx">locale</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'de-DE'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'EUR'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_de</span><span class="p">});</span>

  718. <span class="nx">i18n</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">Hello</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="nx">you</span> <span class="nx">have</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">amount</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">c</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">bank</span> <span class="nx">account</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="p">;</span>

  719. <span class="c1">// =&gt; 'Hallo Bob, Sie haben 1.234,56 € auf Ihrem Bankkonto.'</span>

  720. 

  721. <span class="nx">i18n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">I18n</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">use</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="nx">locale</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'zh-Hant-CN'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">defaultCurrency</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'CNY'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">messageBundle_zh_Hant</span><span class="p">});</span>

  722. <span class="nx">i18n</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">Hello</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="nx">you</span> <span class="nx">have</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">amount</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">c</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">bank</span> <span class="nx">account</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="p">;</span>

  723. <span class="c1">// =&gt; '你好Bob，你有￥1,234.56在您的銀行帳戶。'</span>

  724. </code></pre></div>

  725. 

  726. <p>Here’s a link to an <a href="http://www.es6fiddle.net/i0rj2cc9/">ES6 Fiddle</a> for a live demo.</p>

  727. 

  728. <h2 id="concluding-thoughts">Concluding thoughts</h2>

  729. 

  730. <p>The tagged template string can be used to provide powerful DSL to JavaScript libraries.

  731. I chose to try my hand at adding simple i18n support. There are still a lot of pieces

  732. missing to provide a comprehensive i18n solution, but I hope to have shown how one

  733. may go about building out this framework.</p>

  734. 

  735. <p>Pluralization can be a very tricky thing to tackle, and I am not qualified as of this

  736. writing to understand all the nuances of implementing this feature. Perhaps with

  737. a little more thinking, there may be some hope to add it in as well.</p>

  738. 

  739. <p>In any case, I do see a lot of potential in tagged template strings to add clean, clear

  740. syntax for library functionalities.</p>

  741. 

  742. <p><small>Edit (2014/03/21): Fixed German translation and added a conclusion section.</small></p>

  743. 

  744. <p><small>Edit (2014/10/01): Updated examples to not use array comprehension since they were removed in ES6</small></p>

  745.   </article>

  746. </section>

  747. 

  748. 

  749. <nav id="jumpto">

  750.   <p>

  751.     <a href="/david/blog/">Accueil du blog</a> |

  752.     <a href="http://jaysoo.ca/2014/03/20/i18n-with-es6-template-strings/">Source originale</a> |

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  754.   </p>

  755. </nav>

  756. 

  757. <footer>

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  759.     <img src="/static/david/david-larlet-avatar.jpg" loading="lazy" class="avatar" width="200" height="200">

  760.     <p>

  761.       Bonjour/Hi!

  762.       Je suis <a href="/david/" title="Profil public">David&nbsp;Larlet</a>, je vis actuellement à Montréal et j’alimente cet espace depuis 15 ans. <br>

  763.       Si tu as apprécié cette lecture, n’hésite pas à poursuivre ton exploration. Par exemple via les <a href="/david/blog/" title="Expériences bienveillantes">réflexions bimestrielles</a>, la <a href="/david/stream/2019/" title="Pensées (dés)articulées">veille hebdomadaire</a> ou en t’abonnant au <a href="/david/log/" title="S’abonner aux publications via RSS">flux RSS</a> (<a href="/david/blog/2019/flux-rss/" title="Tiens c’est quoi un flux RSS ?">so 2005</a>).

  764.     </p>

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  766.       Je m’intéresse à la place que je peux avoir dans ce monde. En tant qu’humain, en tant que membre d’une famille et en tant qu’associé d’une coopérative. De temps en temps, je fais aussi des <a href="https://github.com/davidbgk" title="Principalement sur Github mais aussi ailleurs">trucs techniques</a>. Et encore plus rarement, <a href="/david/talks/" title="En ce moment je laisse plutôt la place aux autres">j’en parle</a>.

  767.     </p>

  768.     

  769.     <p>

  770.       Voici quelques articles choisis :

  771.       <a href="/david/blog/2019/faire-equipe/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Faire équipe</a>,

  772.       <a href="/david/blog/2018/bivouac-automnal/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Bivouac automnal</a>,

  773.       <a href="/david/blog/2018/commodite-effondrement/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Commodité et effondrement</a>,

  774.       <a href="/david/blog/2017/donnees-communs/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Des données aux communs</a>,

  775.       <a href="/david/blog/2016/accompagner-enfant/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Accompagner un enfant</a>,

  776.       <a href="/david/blog/2016/senior-developer/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Senior developer</a>,

  777.       <a href="/david/blog/2016/illusion-sociale/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">L’illusion sociale</a>,

  778.       <a href="/david/blog/2016/instantane-scopyleft/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Instantané Scopyleft</a>,

  779.       <a href="/david/blog/2016/enseigner-web/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Enseigner le Web</a>,

  780.       <a href="/david/blog/2016/simplicite-defaut/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Simplicité par défaut</a>,

  781.       <a href="/david/blog/2016/minimalisme-esthetique/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Minimalisme et esthétique</a>,

  782.       <a href="/david/blog/2014/un-web-omni-present/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Un web omni-présent</a>,

  783.       <a href="/david/blog/2014/manifeste-developpeur/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Manifeste de développeur</a>,

  784.       <a href="/david/blog/2013/confort-convivialite/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Confort et convivialité</a>,

  785.       <a href="/david/blog/2013/testament-numerique/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Testament numérique</a>,

  786.       et <a href="/david/blog/" title="Accéder aux archives">bien d’autres…</a>

  787.     </p>

  788.     <p>

  789.       On peut <a href="mailto:david%40larlet.fr" title="Envoyer un courriel">échanger par courriel</a>. Si éventuellement tu souhaites que l’on travaille ensemble, tu devrais commencer par consulter le <a href="http://larlet.com">profil dédié à mon activité professionnelle</a> et/ou contacter directement <a href="http://scopyleft.fr/">scopyleft</a>, la <abbr title="Société coopérative et participative">SCOP</abbr> dont je fais partie depuis six ans. Je recommande au préalable de lire <a href="/david/blog/2018/cout-site/" title="Attention ce qui va suivre peut vous choquer">combien coûte un site</a> et pourquoi je suis plutôt favorable à une <a href="/david/pro/devis/" title="Discutons-en !">non-demande de devis</a>.

  790.     </p>

  791.     <p>

  792.       Je ne traque pas ta navigation mais mon

  793.       <abbr title="Alwaysdata, 62 rue Tiquetonne 75002 Paris, +33.184162340">hébergeur</abbr>

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