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  <p>Ten years ago I would have considered myself someone who was excited about new technology. I always had the latest smartphone, I would read the reviews of new Android releases with a lot of interest, and I was delighted when things like Google Maps Navigation, speech-to-text, or keyboard swiping made my life easier.</p>
 <p>Nowadays, to the average person I probably look like a technology curmudgeon. I don’t have a smart speaker, a smart watch, or any smart home appliances. My 4-year-old phone runs a <a href="https://nolanlawson.com/2019/06/13/how-to-de-google-your-android-phone/">de-Googled LineageOS</a> that barely runs any apps other than Signal and F-Droid. My house has a Raspberry Pi running Nextcloud for file storage and Pi-hole for ad blocking. When I bought a new TV I refused to connect it to the Internet; instead, I hooked it up to an old PC running Ubuntu so I can watch Netflix, Hulu, etc.</p>
 <p>My wife complains that none of the devices in our house work, and she’s right. The Pi-hole blocks a lot of websites, and it’s a struggle to unblock them. Driving the TV with a wireless keyboard is cumbersome. Nextcloud is clunky compared to something like Dropbox or Google Drive. I even tried <a href="https://docs.pi-hole.net/guides/dns/cloudflared/">cloudflared</a> for a while, but I had to give up when DNS kept periodically failing.</p>
 <p>One time – no joke – I had a dream that I was using some open-source alternative to a popular piece of software, and it was slow and buggy. I don’t even remember what it was, but I remember being frustrated. This is just what I’m used to nowadays – not using a technology because it’s the best-in-class or makes my life easier, but because it meets some high-minded criteria about how I think software should be: privacy-respecting, open-source, controlled by the user, etc.</p>
 <p>To the average person, this is probably crazy. “Nolan,” they’d say. “You couldn’t order a Lyft because their web app didn’t work in Firefox for Android. Your files don’t sync away from home because you’re only running Nextcloud on your local network. Your friends can’t even message you on WhatsApp, Facebook, or Twitter because you don’t have an account and the apps don’t work on your phone. If you want to live in the eighteenth century so bad, why don’t you get a horse and buggy while you’re at it?”</p>
 <p>Maybe this nagging voice in my head is right (and I do think these thoughts sometimes). Maybe what I’m practicing is a kind of <a href="https://nolanlawson.com/2019/05/31/tech-veganism/">tech veganism</a> that, like real veganism, is a great idea in theory but really hard to stick to in practice. (And yes, I’ve tried real veganism too. Maybe I should join a monastery at this point.)</p>
 <p>On the other hand, I have to remind myself that there are benefits to the somewhat ascetic lifestyle I’ve chosen. The thing that finally pushed me to switch from stock Android to de-Googled LineageOS was all the ads and notifications in Google Maps. I remember fumbling around with a dozen settings, but never being able to get rid of the <a href="https://bradfrost.com/blog/post/google-you-creepy-sonofabitch/">“Hey, rate this park”</a> message. (Because everything on Earth needs a star rating apparently.)</p>
 <p>And now, I don’t have to deal with Google Maps anymore! Instead I deal with <a href="https://f-droid.org/en/packages/net.osmand.plus/">OsmAnd~</a>, which broke down the other day and failed to give me directions. So it goes.</p>
 <p>Maybe someday I’ll relent. Maybe I’ll say, “I’m too old for this shit” and start using technology that actually works instead of technology that meets some idealistic and probably antiquated notion of software purity. Maybe I’ll be forced to, because I need <a href="https://archive.fosdem.org/2019/schedule/event/full_software_freedom/">a pacemaker that isn’t open-source</a>. Or maybe there will be some essential government service that requires a Google or Apple phone – my state’s <a href="https://www.doh.wa.gov/Emergencies/COVID19/WANotify">contact tracing app</a> does! I got jury duty recently and was unsurprised to find that they do everything through Zoom. At what point will it be impossible to be a tech hermit, without being an <em>actual</em> hermit?</p>
 <p>That said, I’m still doing what I’m doing for now. It helps that I’m on <a href="https://joinmastodon.org">Mastodon</a>, where there are plenty of folks who are even more hardcore than me. (“I won’t even look at a computer if it’s running non-FLOSS software,” they smirk, typing from their BSD laptop behind five layers of Tor.) Complaining to this crowd about how I can’t buy a TV anymore without it spying on me makes me feel a little bit normal. Just a bit.</p>
 <p>The thing that <a href="https://medium.com/offline-camp/decentralization-is-not-enough-75b15b8bc230">has always bothered me</a> about this, and which continues to bother me, is that I’m only able to live this lifestyle because I have the technical know-how. The average person would neither know how to do any of the things I’m doing (installing a custom Android ROM, setting up Nextcloud, etc.), nor would they probably want to, given that it’s a lot of extra hassle for a sub-par experience.</p>
 <p>And who am I, anyway? Edward Snowden? Why am I LARPing as a character in a spy novel when I could be focusing on any one of a million other hobbies in the world?</p>
 <p>I guess the answer is: this is my hobby. Figuring out how to get my Raspberry Pi to auto-update is a hobby. Tinkering with my TV setup so that I can get Bluetooth headphones working while the TV is in airplane mode is a hobby. Like a gearhead who’s delighted when his car breaks down (“Hey! Now I can fix it!”), I don’t mind when the technology around me doesn’t work – it gives me something to do on the weekend! But I have no illusions that this lifestyle makes sense for most people. Or that it will even make sense for me, once I get older and probably bored of my hobby.</p>
 <p>For the time being, though, I’m going to keep acting like technology is an enemy I need to subdue rather than a purveyor of joys and delights. So if you want to know how it’s going, subscribe to my blog via RSS or message me on Signal. Or if that fails, come visit me in a horse and buggy.</p>
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 title: My love-hate affair with technology
 url: https://nolanlawson.com/2021/08/26/my-love-hate-affair-with-technology/
 hash_url: 67a6372e0d7e2b65224262106e8318b0

 <p>Ten years ago I would have considered myself someone who was excited about new technology. I always had the latest smartphone, I would read the reviews of new Android releases with a lot of interest, and I was delighted when things like Google Maps Navigation, speech-to-text, or keyboard swiping made my life easier.</p>
 <p>Nowadays, to the average person I probably look like a technology curmudgeon. I don’t have a smart speaker, a smart watch, or any smart home appliances. My 4-year-old phone runs a <a href="https://nolanlawson.com/2019/06/13/how-to-de-google-your-android-phone/">de-Googled LineageOS</a> that barely runs any apps other than Signal and F-Droid. My house has a Raspberry Pi running Nextcloud for file storage and Pi-hole for ad blocking. When I bought a new TV I refused to connect it to the Internet; instead, I hooked it up to an old PC running Ubuntu so I can watch Netflix, Hulu, etc.</p>
 <p>My wife complains that none of the devices in our house work, and she’s right. The Pi-hole blocks a lot of websites, and it’s a struggle to unblock them. Driving the TV with a wireless keyboard is cumbersome. Nextcloud is clunky compared to something like Dropbox or Google Drive. I even tried <a href="https://docs.pi-hole.net/guides/dns/cloudflared/">cloudflared</a> for a while, but I had to give up when DNS kept periodically failing.</p>
 <p>One time – no joke – I had a dream that I was using some open-source alternative to a popular piece of software, and it was slow and buggy. I don’t even remember what it was, but I remember being frustrated. This is just what I’m used to nowadays – not using a technology because it’s the best-in-class or makes my life easier, but because it meets some high-minded criteria about how I think software should be: privacy-respecting, open-source, controlled by the user, etc.</p>
 <p>To the average person, this is probably crazy. “Nolan,” they’d say. “You couldn’t order a Lyft because their web app didn’t work in Firefox for Android. Your files don’t sync away from home because you’re only running Nextcloud on your local network. Your friends can’t even message you on WhatsApp, Facebook, or Twitter because you don’t have an account and the apps don’t work on your phone. If you want to live in the eighteenth century so bad, why don’t you get a horse and buggy while you’re at it?”</p>
 <p>Maybe this nagging voice in my head is right (and I do think these thoughts sometimes). Maybe what I’m practicing is a kind of <a href="https://nolanlawson.com/2019/05/31/tech-veganism/">tech veganism</a> that, like real veganism, is a great idea in theory but really hard to stick to in practice. (And yes, I’ve tried real veganism too. Maybe I should join a monastery at this point.)</p>
 <p>On the other hand, I have to remind myself that there are benefits to the somewhat ascetic lifestyle I’ve chosen. The thing that finally pushed me to switch from stock Android to de-Googled LineageOS was all the ads and notifications in Google Maps. I remember fumbling around with a dozen settings, but never being able to get rid of the <a href="https://bradfrost.com/blog/post/google-you-creepy-sonofabitch/">“Hey, rate this park”</a> message. (Because everything on Earth needs a star rating apparently.)</p>
 <p>And now, I don’t have to deal with Google Maps anymore! Instead I deal with <a href="https://f-droid.org/en/packages/net.osmand.plus/">OsmAnd~</a>, which broke down the other day and failed to give me directions. So it goes.</p>
 <p>Maybe someday I’ll relent. Maybe I’ll say, “I’m too old for this shit” and start using technology that actually works instead of technology that meets some idealistic and probably antiquated notion of software purity. Maybe I’ll be forced to, because I need <a href="https://archive.fosdem.org/2019/schedule/event/full_software_freedom/">a pacemaker that isn’t open-source</a>. Or maybe there will be some essential government service that requires a Google or Apple phone – my state’s <a href="https://www.doh.wa.gov/Emergencies/COVID19/WANotify">contact tracing app</a> does! I got jury duty recently and was unsurprised to find that they do everything through Zoom. At what point will it be impossible to be a tech hermit, without being an <em>actual</em> hermit?</p>
 <p>That said, I’m still doing what I’m doing for now. It helps that I’m on <a href="https://joinmastodon.org">Mastodon</a>, where there are plenty of folks who are even more hardcore than me. (“I won’t even look at a computer if it’s running non-FLOSS software,” they smirk, typing from their BSD laptop behind five layers of Tor.) Complaining to this crowd about how I can’t buy a TV anymore without it spying on me makes me feel a little bit normal. Just a bit.</p>
 <p>The thing that <a href="https://medium.com/offline-camp/decentralization-is-not-enough-75b15b8bc230">has always bothered me</a> about this, and which continues to bother me, is that I’m only able to live this lifestyle because I have the technical know-how. The average person would neither know how to do any of the things I’m doing (installing a custom Android ROM, setting up Nextcloud, etc.), nor would they probably want to, given that it’s a lot of extra hassle for a sub-par experience.</p>
 <p>And who am I, anyway? Edward Snowden? Why am I LARPing as a character in a spy novel when I could be focusing on any one of a million other hobbies in the world?</p>
 <p>I guess the answer is: this is my hobby. Figuring out how to get my Raspberry Pi to auto-update is a hobby. Tinkering with my TV setup so that I can get Bluetooth headphones working while the TV is in airplane mode is a hobby. Like a gearhead who’s delighted when his car breaks down (“Hey! Now I can fix it!”), I don’t mind when the technology around me doesn’t work – it gives me something to do on the weekend! But I have no illusions that this lifestyle makes sense for most people. Or that it will even make sense for me, once I get older and probably bored of my hobby.</p>
 <p>For the time being, though, I’m going to keep acting like technology is an enemy I need to subdue rather than a purveyor of joys and delights. So if you want to know how it’s going, subscribe to my blog via RSS or message me on Signal. Or if that fails, come visit me in a horse and buggy.</p>
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    <h1>The All-Seeing “i”: Apple Just Declared War on Your Privacy</h1>
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  <p>By now you've probably heard that Apple <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2021/08/apples-plan-think-different-about-encryption-opens-backdoor-your-private-life">plans to push a new and uniquely intrusive surveillance system</a> out to many of the more than <em>one billion </em>iPhones it has sold, which all run the behemoth's proprietary, take-it-or-leave-it software. This new offensive is tentatively slated to begin with the launch of iOS 15⁠—almost certainly in mid-September⁠—with the devices of its US user-base designated as the initial targets. We’re told that other countries will be spared, but not for long.</p>
 <p>You might have noticed that I haven’t mentioned which problem it is that Apple is purporting to solve. Why? Because it doesn’t matter.</p>
 <p>Having read thousands upon thousands of remarks on this growing scandal, it has become clear to me that many understand it doesn't matter, but few if any have been willing to actually say it. Speaking candidly, if that’s still allowed, that’s the way it always goes when someone of institutional significance launches a campaign to defend an indefensible intrusion into our private spaces. They make a mad dash to the supposed high ground, from which they speak in low, solemn tones about their moral mission before fervently invoking the dread spectre of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Infocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Infopocalypse</a>, warning that only a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_chip">dubious amulet</a>—or suspicious software update—can save us from the most threatening members of our species. </p>
 <p>Suddenly, everybody with a principled objection is forced to preface their concern with apologetic throat-clearing and the establishment of bonafides: <em>I lost a friend when the towers came down, however... As a parent, I understand this is a real problem, but</em>... </p>
 <p></p>
 <p></p>
 <p>As a parent, I’m here to tell you that sometimes it doesn’t matter<em> why </em>the man in the handsome suit is doing something. What matters are the consequences.</p>
 <p>Apple’s new system, regardless of how anyone tries to justify it, will permanently redefine what belongs to you, and what belongs to them.</p>
 <p>How?</p>
 <p>The task Apple intends its new surveillance system to perform—preventing their cloud systems from being used to store digital contraband, in this case unlawful images uploaded by their customers—is traditionally performed by searching <em>their systems</em>. While it’s still problematic for anybody to search through a billion people’s private files, the fact that they can only see the files you gave them is a crucial limitation.  </p>
 <p>Now, however, that’s all set to change. Under the new design, <em>your phone</em> will now perform these searches on Apple’s behalf before your photos have even reached their iCloud servers, and—<em>yada, yada, yada</em>—if enough "forbidden content" is discovered, law-enforcement will be notified.</p>
 <p></p>
 <p></p>
 <p>I intentionally wave away the technical and procedural details of Apple’s system here, some of which are quite clever, because they, like our man in the handsome suit, merely distract from the most pressing fact—the fact that, in just a few weeks, Apple plans to erase the boundary dividing which devices work for you, and which devices work for them.</p>
 <p>Why is this so important? Once the precedent has been set that it is fit and proper for even a "pro-privacy" company like Apple to make products that betray their users and owners, Apple itself will lose all control over how that precedent is applied. As soon as the public first came to learn of the “spyPhone” plan, experts began investigating its technical weaknesses, and the many ways it could be abused, primarily <em>within the parameters of Apple’s design. </em>Although these valiant vulnerability-research efforts have produced <a href="https://thishashcollisionisnotporn.com/">compelling evidence</a> that the system is seriously flawed, they also seriously miss the point: Apple gets to decide whether or not their phones will monitor their owners’ infractions for the government, but it's <em>the government</em> that gets to decide what constitutes an infraction... and how to handle it.</p>
 <p></p>
 <div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 image2-398-388" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.substack.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5567553e-8047-4170-985b-6c94595669df_1172x1200.jpeg"><img src="https://cdn.substack.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5567553e-8047-4170-985b-6c94595669df_1172x1200.jpeg" data-attrs='{"src":"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5567553e-8047-4170-985b-6c94595669df_1172x1200.jpeg","height":1200,"width":1172,"resizeWidth":388,"bytes":98437,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null}' alt=""></a></figure></div>
 <p></p>
 <p>For its part, Apple says their system, in its initial, v1.0 design, has a narrow focus: it only scrutinizes photos intended to be uploaded to iCloud (although for 85% of its customers, that means <em><strong>EVERY </strong></em>photo), and it does not scrutinize them beyond a simple comparison against a database of specific examples of previously-identified child sexual abuse material (CSAM). </p>
 <p>If you’re an enterprising pedophile with a basement full of CSAM-tainted iPhones, Apple welcomes you to entirely exempt yourself from these scans by simply flipping the “Disable iCloud Photos” switch, a bypass which reveals that <em>this system was never designed to protect children</em>, as they would have you believe, but rather to protect their brand. As long as you keep that material off their servers, and so keep Apple out of the headlines, Apple doesn’t care.</p>
 <p>So what happens when, in a few years at the latest, a politician points that out, and—in order <em>to protect the children</em>—bills are passed in the legislature to prohibit this "Disable" bypass, effectively compelling Apple to scan photos that <em>aren’t</em> backed up to iCloud? What happens when a party in India demands they start scanning for memes associated with a separatist movement? What happens when the UK demands they scan for a library of terrorist imagery? How long do we have left before the iPhone in your pocket begins quietly filing reports about encountering “extremist” political material, or about your presence at a "civil disturbance"? Or simply about your iPhone's possession of a video clip that contains, or maybe-or-maybe-not contains, a blurry image of a passer-by who resembles, according to an algorithm, "a person of interest"?</p>
 <p><strong>If Apple demonstrates the capability and willingness to continuously, remotely search every phone for evidence of one particular type of crime, these are questions for which they will have no answer. </strong>And yet an answer will come—and it will come from the worst lawmakers of the worst governments. </p>
 <p>This is not a slippery slope. It’s a cliff.</p>
 <p></p>
 <p></p>
 <p>One particular frustration for me is that I know some people at Apple, and I even like some people at Apple—bright, principled people who should know better. Actually, who <em>do</em> know better. Every security expert in the world is screaming themselves hoarse now, imploring Apple to stop, even those experts who in more normal circumstances reliably argue <em>in favor</em> of censorship. Even <a href="https://www.twitter.com/elizableu/status/1424062486433648640">some survivors of child exploitation are against it</a>. And yet, as the OG designer Galileo <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_yet_it_moves">once said</a>, it moves.</p>
 <p>Faced with a blistering torrent of global condemnation, Apple has responded not by addressing any concerns or making any changes, or, more sensibly, by just scrapping the plan altogether, but by deploying their man-in-the-handsome-suit software chief, who resembles the well-moisturized villain from a movie about Wall Street, to give quotes to, yes, the <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQUO1DSwYN0">Wall Street Journal</a></em> about how sorry the company is for the "confusion" it has caused, but how the public shouldn't worry: Apple “feel[s] very good about what they’re doing.”</p>
 <p></p>
 <div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 image2-336-640" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.substack.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcddcf9dc-1db9-4287-be35-1b56de4060d8_640x336.jpeg"><img src="https://cdn.substack.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcddcf9dc-1db9-4287-be35-1b56de4060d8_640x336.jpeg" data-attrs='{"src":"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cddcf9dc-1db9-4287-be35-1b56de4060d8_640x336.jpeg","height":336,"width":640,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":21852,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null}' alt=""></a><figcaption class="image-caption">I would say I’m being unfair to him, but I’m not the one who dismissed universal public opposition to a new and intensely personal form of mass surveillance as “confusion.”</figcaption></figure></div>
 <p></p>
 <p>Neither the message nor the messenger was a mistake. Apple dispatched its SVP-for-Software Ken doll to speak with the <em>Journal </em>not to protect the company's users, but to reassure the company's investors. His role was to create the false impression that this is not something that you, or anyone, should be upset about. And, collaterally, his role was to ensure this new "policy" would be associated with the face of an Apple executive other than CEO Tim Cook, just in case the roll-out, or the fall-out, results in a corporate beheading.</p>
 <p>Why? Why is Apple risking so much for a CSAM-detection system that has been denounced as “dangerous” and "easily repurposed for surveillance and censorship" by <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/08/19/apple-csam-abuse-encryption-security-privacy-dangerous/">the very computer scientists who've already put it to the test</a>? What could be worth the decisive shattering of the foundational Apple idea that an iPhone belongs to the person who carries it, rather than to the company that made it?  </p>
 <p>Apple: "Designed in California, Assembled in China, Purchased by You, Owned by Us."</p>
 <p>The one answer to these questions that the optimists keep coming back to is the likelihood that Apple is doing this as a prelude to finally switching over to <a href="https://ssd.eff.org/en/module/deep-dive-end-end-encryption-how-do-public-key-encryption-systems-work">“end-to-end” encryption</a> for everything its customers store on iCloud—something Apple had previously intended to do before backtracking, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-fbi-icloud-exclusive/exclusive-apple-dropped-plan-for-encrypting-backups-after-fbi-complained-sources-idUSKBN1ZK1CT">in a dismaying display of cowardice</a>, after the FBI secretly complained.</p>
 <p>For the unfamiliar, what I’m describing here as end-to-end encryption is a somewhat complex concept, but briefly, it means that only the two endpoints sharing a file—say, two phones on opposite sides of the internet—are able to decrypt it. Even if the file were being stored and served from an iCloud server in Cupertino, as far as Apple (or any other middleman-in-a-handsome-suit) is concerned, that file is just an indecipherable blob of random garbage: the file only becomes a text message, a video, a photo, or whatever it is, when it is paired with a key that’s possessed only by you and by those with whom you choose to share it. </p>
 <div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 image2-341-524" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.substack.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fdfec14-9cf9-4bd5-9137-169234d2d774_1100x714.png"><img src="https://cdn.substack.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fdfec14-9cf9-4bd5-9137-169234d2d774_1100x714.png" data-attrs='{"src":"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3fdfec14-9cf9-4bd5-9137-169234d2d774_1100x714.png","height":714,"width":1100,"resizeWidth":524,"bytes":16568,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png","href":null}' alt=""></a></figure></div>
 <div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 image2-270-540" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.substack.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073bd933-ea53-44c5-b4c5-f9bfd2791919_1200x600.png"><img src="https://cdn.substack.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073bd933-ea53-44c5-b4c5-f9bfd2791919_1200x600.png" data-attrs='{"src":"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/073bd933-ea53-44c5-b4c5-f9bfd2791919_1200x600.png","height":600,"width":1200,"resizeWidth":540,"bytes":49081,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png","href":null}' alt=""></a></figure></div>
 <p>This is the goal of end-to-end encryption: drawing a new and ineradicable line in the digital sand dividing <em>your</em> data and <em>their</em> data<em>.</em> It allows you to trust a service provider to <em>store</em> your data without granting them any ability to <em>understand</em> it. This would mean that even Apple itself could no longer be expected to rummage through your iCloud account with its grabby little raccoon hands—and therefore could not be expected to hand it over to any government that can stamp a sheet of paper, which is precisely why the FBI (again: secretly) complained.</p>
 <p>For Apple to realize this original vision would have represented a <em>huge</em> improvement in the privacy of our devices, effectively delivering the final word in a thirty year-long debate over establishing a new industry standard—and, by extension, the new global expectation that parties seeking access to data from a device must <em>obtain it</em> from that device, rather than turning the internet and its ecosystem into a spy machine.</p>
 <p>Unfortunately, I am here to report that once again, the optimists are wrong: Apple’s proposal to make their phones inform on and betray their owners marks the dawn of a dark future, one to be written in the blood of the political opposition of a hundred countries that will exploit this system to the hilt. See, the day after this system goes live, it will no longer matter whether or not Apple ever enables end-to-end encryption, because our iPhones will be reporting their contents <em>before our keys are even used</em>. </p>
 <p>I can’t think of any other company that has so proudly, and so publicly, distributed spyware to its own devices—and I can’t think of a threat more dangerous to a product’s security than the mischief of its own maker. There is no fundamental technological limit to how far the precedent Apple is establishing can be pushed, meaning the only restraint is Apple’s all-too-flexible company policy, something governments understand all too well. </p>
 <p>I would say there should be a law, but I fear it would only make things worse.</p>
 <p></p>
 <p></p>
 <p>We are bearing witness to the construction of an all-seeing-<strong>i</strong>—an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Providence">Eye of </a><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Providence">Im</a></em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Providence">providence</a>—under whose aegis <em>every iPhone will search itself</em> for whatever Apple wants, or for whatever Apple is directed to want. They are inventing a world in which every product you purchase owes its highest loyalty to someone other than its owner. </p>
 <p>To put it bluntly, this is not an innovation but a tragedy, a disaster-in-the-making.</p>
 <p>Or maybe I'm confused—or maybe I just <em>think different</em>.<br></p>
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    <h1>Archipélisation : comment Framasoft conçoit les relations qu’elle tisse</h1>
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  <p>Afin de clarifier le fonctionnement de nos partenariats, nous souhaitons partager avec vous un concept qui nous semble important : celui d’archipélisation.</p>

 <div class="well"><p>Cet article fait partie des « </p><a href="https://contributopia.org/journal">Carnets de voyage de Contributopia</a><p> ». D’octobre à décembre 2019, nous y ferons le bilan des nombreuses actions que nous menons, lesquelles sont financées par vos dons (qui peuvent donner lieu à une réduction d’impôts pour les contribuables français). Si vous le pouvez, </p><a href="https://soutenir.framasoft.org">pensez à nous soutenir</a><p>.</p></div>

 <p>Non, notre objectif n’est pas de continuer à entraîner votre bouche à prononcer des mots difficilement prononçables (comme « Dégooglisation » ou « Déframasoftisation »). Il s’agit plutôt d’aborder la façon dont Framasoft perçoit, et finalement expérimente ses relations avec les tiers.</p>
 <p>Cet article, qui montre (un peu) de notre fonctionnement interne, est le fruit d’une réflexion au long cours, qui continue d’évoluer. Il est donc possible que nous n’y soyons pas parfaitement clair·es, mais il nous semblait utile et important de partager notre positionnement actuel.</p>
 <h2>« Si tu as le cul entre deux chaises, trouve un canapé » (proverbe ébéniste)</h2>
 <p>Framasoft est avant tout une communauté d’utilisatrices et d’utilisateurs. Cependant, son fonctionnement est clairement celui d’un réseau, non seulement de projets, mais aussi de partenaires. Ainsi, Framasoft bénéficie du soutien de nombreuses organisations (publiques, commerciales, associatives) qui permettent aux projets de croître et de se développer. Les échanges entre Framasoft et ces partenaires se situent donc plutôt du côté de l’amitié, de la reconnaissance, de la confiance mutuelle, ou du sentiment d’avancer ensemble dans la même direction.</p>
 <p>Or la position de l’association est complexe : d’un côté nous savons que nous touchons de très nombreuses personnes (autour de 500 000 par mois) et que notre projet associatif est un succès, mais d’un autre côté nous affirmons régulièrement que nous ne souhaitons pas devenir porte-parole de quoi que ce soit, ni détenir un quelconque pouvoir ou position d’autorité en dehors de nos propres projets.</p>
 <p>Nous sommes donc tiraillé⋅es entre deux univers : celui de l’association souvent identifiée comme l’une des portes d’entrée francophones aux enjeux du numérique, et celui du groupe d’ami⋅es qui souhaite faire de l’éducation populaire – et <a href="http://www.cemea-pdll.org/Qu-est-ce-que-l-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">donc politique</a> – en apprenant de projet en projet (c’est à dire, souvent, en se plantant et en tirant les enseignements de ses erreurs).</p>
 <h2>Lutter ensemble, tout en respectant nos différences</h2>
 <p>Nous avons souvent essayé de résoudre cette tension en adoptant des positions d’équilibriste : « Et eux ? On travaille avec eux ? », « Cette asso fait un gros boulot de fond, mais en interne la gestion semble compliquée. », « On est invité dans ce cadre, très institutionnel. On ne partage pas toutes leurs idées, mais ça peut être aussi l’occasion de faire entendre les nôtres. On y va ou pas ? ». Toutes les associations font face à ce type de problématiques à un moment ou à un autre. Il n’y a pas de bonne ou de mauvaise façon de faire, ni de cas généralisable à tout un secteur. Pour Framasoft, notre choix actuel est d’assumer que <a href="https://golb.statium.link/post/20191111prefigurer/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">nos réflexions et nos actions se nourrissent de – et se confrontent à – l’expérience du quotidien</a>.</p>
 <p>Le premier déclencheur concernant cette réflexion fut peut-être en 2016, alors que nous réfléchissions à la création du collectif <a href="https://chatons.org">CHATONS</a>, et que nous avons rencontré <a href="https://facil.qc.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">l’association québecoise FACiL</a>. Ces derniers nous ont alors proposé de signer une « convention d’amitié », qui contractualisait notre envie de « faire ensemble » tout en reconnaissant les différences de chaque structure. Ce fonctionnement très simple est à la fois engageant (on signe un document qui engage les deux organisations et qui les lient l’une à l’autre) et, paradoxalement, peu engageant (puisque chaque partie peut mettre fin à la convention, unilatéralement, lorsqu’elle le souhaite). Nous avons, depuis, signé plusieurs de ces « conventions d’amitié » avec d’autres organisations.</p>
 <p>Le second déclencheur s’est fait lors du « <a href="http://forum-usages-cooperatifs.net/index.php/Accueil" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Forum des Usages Coopératifs</a> » de Brest, en 2018, où nous retrouvions des compagnons de route, comme Laurent Marseault d’<a href="http://animacoop.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Animacoop</a>. Les discussions filaient bon train sur nos capacités à nous mobiliser sur des objectifs communs, tout en reconnaissant que nous n’avions ni les mêmes compétences, ni les mêmes méthodes de travail, ni les mêmes stratégies. Pourtant, nous sentions intuitivement qu’il y avait interdépendance entre leur objet (la formation aux usages coopératifs) et celui de Framasoft (participer à la transformation sociale par le « libre »). Suffisamment bousculé⋅es par ces discussions intenses, nous partagions notre réflexion lors des Rencontres Mondiales du Logiciel Libre.</p>
 <figure id="attachment_19177" class="thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/S%C3%A9lection_097-1.png"><img loading="lazy" class="borderimage wp-image-19177 size-full" src="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/S%C3%A9lection_097-1.png" alt="" srcset="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_097-1.png 1432w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_097-1-300x220.png 300w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_097-1-1024x752.png 1024w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_097-1-768x564.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1432px) 100vw, 1432px"></a><figcaption class="caption wp-caption-text">Le concept d’archipélisation, appliqué aux relations inter-structures.</figcaption></figure>
 <p> </p>
 <p>Le troisième déclencheur, est venu, lui, des lectures d’<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Glissant" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Édouard Glissant</a>.<br>
 Édouard Glissant (1928-2011), écrivain, poète, philosophe martiniquais, est considéré comme l’un des penseurs les plus importants au monde du concept d’archipélisation. C’est aussi un théoricien de la relation, qui est le lieu par excellence de la lutte comme celui de la prédation.</p>
 <h2>Mais… c’est quoi l’archipélisation ?</h2>
 <p>L’archipélisation est une métaphore insulaire (rappelons qu’Édouard Glissant est né dans l’archipel des Antilles), ne décrivant pas des entités isolées et évoluant selon leurs propres règles, mais comme un ensemble de petites structures indépendantes dont la capacité de développement repose sur la coopération, la mutualisation.</p>
 <p>« J’appelle créolisation la rencontre, l’interférence, le choc, les harmonies et les dysharmonies entre les cultures. » Par ces mots, Édouard Glissant fait de la « créolisation » une décontinentalisation, qu’il nomme archipélisation, et qu’il corrèle à ce qu’il appelle le « tout-monde ». Le monde entier, pour lui, se créolise et s’archipélise.</p>
 <p>Une autre façon d’appréhender ce concept est de penser un réseau de petites structures agiles et flexibles reliées entre elles par des outils conviviaux.</p>
 <p>Cette notion, si elle est associée à celle des <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outil_convivial" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">outils conviviaux</a> d’<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ivan Illich</a> ou la figure du <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome_(philosophie)" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">rhizome</a>, héritée de Deleuze et Gattari, déjoue l’opposition entre centre et périphérie. Il s’agit donc de passer d’une vision continentale, où on essaye de faire continent tous ensemble, à une « archipélisation » d’îlots de résistance émergents. L’objectif n’est donc plus de construire un mouvement unique, monolithique, mais bien d’envisager l’avancée des luttes sous forme de coopérations entre ces différents îlots, sans essayer de se convaincre de tous faire la même chose.</p>
 <p>Évidemment, nous n’avons pas toutes et tous la même histoire, la même capacité de résistance, les mêmes privilèges, les mêmes tempéraments, les mêmes moyens financiers… Mais il nous parait possible de se reconnaître différent⋅es, de respecter la diversité de chacun et chacune dans leurs stratégies et leurs tactiques, tout en partageant des buts communs.</p>
 <figure id="attachment_19174" class="thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://framatube.org/videos/watch/7e261f9e-242c-4100-a0bd-268dab321114?start=53m32s&amp;stop=55m22s"><img loading="lazy" class=".borderimage wp-image-19174 size-full" src="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/S%C3%A9lection_094.png" alt="Vidéo PeerTube. Evocation du concept pour Framasoft, lors du Capitole du Libre 2018. (cliquez sur l'image pour voir la vidéo)" srcset="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_094.png 1903w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_094-300x140.png 300w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_094-1024x477.png 1024w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_094-768x358.png 768w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_094-1536x715.png 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1903px) 100vw, 1903px"></a><figcaption class="caption wp-caption-text">Evocation du concept pour Framasoft, lors du Capitole du Libre 2018. (cliquez sur l’image pour voir la vidéo)</figcaption></figure>
 <p> </p>
 <h2>Baigner dans des eaux communes</h2>
 <p>Cette notion d’archipélisation nous permet de poser un cadre temporaire de nos relations avec d’autres structures. À la fois une manière de faire collectif (sans forcément penser la même chose), et une manière d’être aux autres (avec ce qu’ils et elles nous apportent, ce que nous leur apportons, sans pour autant les absorber ou être absorbés par elles et eux, sans pour autant les adouber ou être adoubés par elles et eux).</p>
 <p>Historiquement, nos premiers partenaires sont issus de la communauté du mouvement libriste (<a href="https://april.org">APRIL</a>, <a href="https://aful.org">AFUL</a>, <a href="https://aldil.org">ALDIL</a>, <a href="https://ffdn.org">FFDN</a>, les <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_d%27utilisateurs_Linux">GULL</a>, <a href="https://dogmazic.net">Dogmazic</a>, <a href="https://linuxfr.org">LinuxFr</a>, <a href="https://sesamath.org">Sesamath</a>, <a href="https://www.wikimedia.fr/">Wikimedia France</a>, etc.), de défense des internautes (<a href="https://laquadrature.net">La Quadrature Du Net</a> ou <a href="https://exodus-privacy.eu.org/fr/">Exodus Privacy</a>) et du mouvement des communs (<a href="http://www.savoirscom1.info/">Savoirs Com1</a>, Le <a href="http://forum-usages-cooperatifs.net/index.php/Accueil">Forum des Usages Coopératifs</a>, La <a href="https://www.lamyne.org/">MYNE</a>, etc.).</p>
 <p>Framasoft travaille depuis quelques années au développement de partenariats avec des structures proches-mais-pas-libristes, dans l’optique de mettre un pied dans la porte à la fois au bénéfice de Framasoft (qui touche d’autres publics), mais aussi des valeurs du libre, d’une part en créant du lien de la sphère libriste vers d’autres structures, d’autre part en ayant un dialogue rapproché avec elles afin de mieux écouter leurs demandes. L’idée commune reste la même : outiller la société de contribution (ou, si vous préférez, <em>Accompagner celles et ceux qui veulent changer le monde, vers des usages numériques cohérents avec leurs valeurs</em>).</p>
 <h2>Euh, et concrètement ?</h2>
 <p>Concrètement, Framasoft a aujourd’hui un partenariat fort avec une structure comme les <a href="http://cemea.asso.fr/">CEMEA</a> (association d’éducation populaire), sans que cela ne nous empêche de travailler avec d’autres acteurs majeurs de l’éducation populaire comme La Ligue de l’Enseignement (sur un MOOC CHATONS dont nous vous parlions la semaine dernière) ou les <a href="http://www.cnajep.asso.fr/">CRAJEP</a> (sur le projet <a href="https://framablog.org/2019/10/31/benevalibre-liberez-vos-benevoles-de-la-startupnation/">Bénévalibre</a> évoqué il y a quelques semaines).</p>
 <p>Nous pouvons aussi avoir de belles relations avec <a href="http://antipub.org/">Résistance à l’Agression Publicitaire</a> (autour de différents projets, dont <a href="https://framablog.org/2019/10/25/framapetitions-est-mort-vive-pytition/">Pytitions</a> que nous vous présentions en octobre) ; sans pour autant entrer dans le « tout sauf Qwant » (même si nous demeurons critiques quant à cette entreprise vivant, justement, de la publicité et à ses méthodes de communication et de management).</p>
 <p>Nous pouvons avoir <a href="https://framabook.org">notre propre maison d’édition</a> et travailler avec <a href="https://lavolte.net/">les éditions La Volte</a> sur la question des imaginaires ou <a href="https://framablog.org/2019/11/29/hold-up-sur-les-donnees-de-sante-patients-et-soignants-unissons-nous/">celui de la santé</a>.</p>
 <p>Nous pouvons accompagner la <a href="https://ffmc.asso.fr/">Fédération Française des Motards en Colère</a> dans sa « <a href="https://degooglisons-internet.org">dégooglisation</a> » (tout en étant parfaitement conscients que son objet premier est de fédérer les usager⋅es de véhicules utilisant des énergies fossiles), et en parallèle <a href="https://colibris-outilslibres.org/">conseiller</a> le mouvement écologiste « <a href="https://www.colibris-lemouvement.org/">Colibris</a> » (là encore, tout en étant critiques sur l’aspect individualiste porté par la fable du Colibri, et vigilant⋅es sur la réputation d’un de ses co-fondateurs, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Rabhi#Critiques_et_controverses" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pierre Rabhi</a>).</p>
 <p>Nous pouvons tout à la fois soutenir le programme <a href="https://www.helloasso.com/pana/">PANA</a> d’<a href="https://www.helloasso.com/">HelloAsso</a> (qui n’a rien d’une asso et tout d’une startup), et annoncer chercher à <a href="https://framablog.org/2019/10/29/identifions-les-acteurs-et-actrices-de-laccompagnement-numerique-libre/">identifier les acteur⋅ices de la formation au libre</a>. Nous pouvons aussi suivre de près ce que fait <a href="https://lamednum.coop/">la MedNum</a>, et travailler avec des acteurs de terrain comme <a href="https://ritimo.org">Ritimo</a>, <a href="https://d%C3%A9rivation.fr/">La Dérivation</a> ou <a href="http://animacoop.net/">Animacoop</a>.</p>
 <h2>Naviguer à la boussole de notre éthique et au compas de nos effets</h2>
 <p>Il ne s’agit pas pour nous de nous cacher derrière du « et en même temps » : nous faisons, quotidiennement, des choix (des choix réfléchis, pesés, informés), qui appuient une stratégie. Nous comprenons que certains acteurs cités ci-dessus paraîtront parfois trop politisés, parfois dépolitisants. Comme lorsque nous annonçons être <a href="https://framablog.org/2019/11/22/une-coalition-francaise-pour-la-defense-et-la-promotion-de-lespace-democratique/">membre fondateur de L.A. Coalition</a> – qui compte aussi des associations telles que <a href="https://tousmigrants.weebly.com/">Tous migrants</a> ou <a href="https://adm-musulmans.com/">Action Droits des Musulmans</a>. Comme lorsque nous réfutons l’opprobre par association (« Le caca de ton partenaire est ton caca »). Comme lorsque nous affirmons que nous refusons de travailler avec l’extrême-droite.</p>
 <p>Nos relations partenariales sont le fruit d’une réflexion sur le temps long. Nous pensons qu’il est possible d’agir à certains endroits, tout en étant critique du contexte. Nous concevons aujourd’hui Framasoft comme une île au sein d’un archipel. Tisser des ponts vers d’autres îles où d’autres que nous font d’autres choses, ne signifie pas qu’on y plante notre drapeau (ni qu’on se laisse imposer le leur).</p>
 <p>Certaines relations que nous entretenons avec d’autres îles (du même archipel ou d’un autre archipel) peuvent ne pas vous convenir, et vous pouvez donc les critiquer. Nous vous écoutons. Nous vous lisons. Nous discutons même, quand nous le pouvons. Mais nous traçons nos propres limites, nos propres stratégies. Nous ne sommes pas « vous ». Nous sommes là où nous voulons être.</p>
 <figure id="attachment_19178" class="thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-19178 size-large" src="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/photo-1459891373124-d2ab1e3ed58e-1024x683.jpg" alt="" srcset="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/photo-1459891373124-d2ab1e3ed58e-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/photo-1459891373124-d2ab1e3ed58e-300x200.jpg 300w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/photo-1459891373124-d2ab1e3ed58e-768x512.jpg 768w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/photo-1459891373124-d2ab1e3ed58e.jpg 1051w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"><figcaption class="caption wp-caption-text">Libriste quittant son archipel pour d’autres militances – Allégorie ;)</figcaption></figure>
 <h2>C’est bien plus beau lorsque <a href="https://www.lettres-et-arts.net/anthologie/mort-anthologie-textes-poemes/mort-cyrano-bergerac-rostand+156" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">c’est inutile</a> !</h2>
 <p>Nous répétons souvent « La route est longue, mais la voie est libre ». Mais cela ne signifie pas qu’elle ne soit pas semée d’embûches. :)</p>
 <p>Depuis près de 20 ans, Framasoft agit pour promouvoir un numérique émancipateur. Nous avons bien entendu remporté quelques batailles, mais force est de constater que les <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAFAM">GAFAM</a>, bien que critiqués de toutes parts quotidiennement, n’ont jamais été aussi puissants et aussi présents. Comment, dans ce cas, ne pas reconnaître que notre combat, s’il n’est pas futile pour autant, nous oblige à beaucoup d’humilité face à l’incertitude de son issue ?</p>
 <p>Sur la façon de mener des luttes qui paraissent impossibles, que cela soit contre les géants du numérique, pour des outils libres et conviviaux, ou contre le capitalisme (de surveillance ou pas), nous aimerions <a href="https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2019/10/22/corinne-morel-darleux-refuser-un-poste-sortir-de-la-surconsommation-c-est-affirmer-que-cette-societe_1759102" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">citer la militante Corinne Morel-Darleux</a> :</p>
 <blockquote><p>Plus les victoires futures sont hypothétiques, plus on a besoin de s’abreuver à d’autres sources de l’engagement. Il est des combats qu’on mène non pas parce qu’on est sûr de les gagner, mais simplement parce qu’ils sont justes ; c’est toute la beauté de l’engagement politique. Il faut remettre la dignité du présent au cœur de l’engagement : rester debout, digne, ne pas renoncer à la lutte. Il y a toujours des choses à sauver ! C’est une question d’élégance, de loyauté, de courage, valeurs hélas un peu désuètes. Il s’agit d’avoir des comportements individuels en accord avec notre projet collectif, comme l’a formulé l’anarchiste Emma Goldman (1869-1940)<em>.</em> On peut marier radicalité du fond et aménité de la forme, action radicale et élégance. Je plaide pour le retour du panache !</p></blockquote>
 <p>Comme les harmonies et les dysharmonies évoquées par Édouard Glissant, nous reconnaissons le caractère ténu, fluctuant, impermanent, « tremblant » de nos relations avec les autres. Si, comme à nous, cette idée vous paraît pertinente, vous pouvez vous en emparer pour rejoindre ou faire émerger « votre » île, avec ce qu’elle comporte de spécificités en termes de stratégies et de tactiques, puis tisser les liens de votre choix dans un archipel de luttes et de mobilisations collectives auprès des militances qui vous importent.</p>
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--- a/cache/2021/ef5bbfde106a3477ff728bf27413672d/index.md
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 title: Archipélisation : comment Framasoft conçoit les relations qu’elle tisse
 url: https://framablog.org/2019/12/10/archipelisation-comment-framasoft-concoit-les-relations-quelle-tisse/
 hash_url: ef5bbfde106a3477ff728bf27413672d

 <p>Afin de clarifier le fonctionnement de nos partenariats, nous souhaitons partager avec vous un concept qui nous semble important : celui d’archipélisation.</p>

 <div class="well"><p>Cet article fait partie des « </p><a href="https://contributopia.org/journal">Carnets de voyage de Contributopia</a><p> ». D’octobre à décembre 2019, nous y ferons le bilan des nombreuses actions que nous menons, lesquelles sont financées par vos dons (qui peuvent donner lieu à une réduction d’impôts pour les contribuables français). Si vous le pouvez, </p><a href="https://soutenir.framasoft.org">pensez à nous soutenir</a><p>.</p></div>

 <p>Non, notre objectif n’est pas de continuer à entraîner votre bouche à prononcer des mots difficilement prononçables (comme « Dégooglisation » ou « Déframasoftisation »). Il s’agit plutôt d’aborder la façon dont Framasoft perçoit, et finalement expérimente ses relations avec les tiers.</p>
 <p>Cet article, qui montre (un peu) de notre fonctionnement interne, est le fruit d’une réflexion au long cours, qui continue d’évoluer. Il est donc possible que nous n’y soyons pas parfaitement clair·es, mais il nous semblait utile et important de partager notre positionnement actuel.</p>
 <h2>« Si tu as le cul entre deux chaises, trouve un canapé » (proverbe ébéniste)</h2>
 <p>Framasoft est avant tout une communauté d’utilisatrices et d’utilisateurs. Cependant, son fonctionnement est clairement celui d’un réseau, non seulement de projets, mais aussi de partenaires. Ainsi, Framasoft bénéficie du soutien de nombreuses organisations (publiques, commerciales, associatives) qui permettent aux projets de croître et de se développer. Les échanges entre Framasoft et ces partenaires se situent donc plutôt du côté de l’amitié, de la reconnaissance, de la confiance mutuelle, ou du sentiment d’avancer ensemble dans la même direction.</p>
 <p>Or la position de l’association est complexe : d’un côté nous savons que nous touchons de très nombreuses personnes (autour de 500 000 par mois) et que notre projet associatif est un succès, mais d’un autre côté nous affirmons régulièrement que nous ne souhaitons pas devenir porte-parole de quoi que ce soit, ni détenir un quelconque pouvoir ou position d’autorité en dehors de nos propres projets.</p>
 <p>Nous sommes donc tiraillé⋅es entre deux univers : celui de l’association souvent identifiée comme l’une des portes d’entrée francophones aux enjeux du numérique, et celui du groupe d’ami⋅es qui souhaite faire de l’éducation populaire – et <a href="http://www.cemea-pdll.org/Qu-est-ce-que-l-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">donc politique</a> – en apprenant de projet en projet (c’est à dire, souvent, en se plantant et en tirant les enseignements de ses erreurs).</p>
 <h2>Lutter ensemble, tout en respectant nos différences</h2>
 <p>Nous avons souvent essayé de résoudre cette tension en adoptant des positions d’équilibriste : « Et eux ? On travaille avec eux ? », « Cette asso fait un gros boulot de fond, mais en interne la gestion semble compliquée. », « On est invité dans ce cadre, très institutionnel. On ne partage pas toutes leurs idées, mais ça peut être aussi l’occasion de faire entendre les nôtres. On y va ou pas ? ». Toutes les associations font face à ce type de problématiques à un moment ou à un autre. Il n’y a pas de bonne ou de mauvaise façon de faire, ni de cas généralisable à tout un secteur. Pour Framasoft, notre choix actuel est d’assumer que <a href="https://golb.statium.link/post/20191111prefigurer/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">nos réflexions et nos actions se nourrissent de – et se confrontent à – l’expérience du quotidien</a>.</p>
 <p>Le premier déclencheur concernant cette réflexion fut peut-être en 2016, alors que nous réfléchissions à la création du collectif <a href="https://chatons.org">CHATONS</a>, et que nous avons rencontré <a href="https://facil.qc.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">l’association québecoise FACiL</a>. Ces derniers nous ont alors proposé de signer une « convention d’amitié », qui contractualisait notre envie de « faire ensemble » tout en reconnaissant les différences de chaque structure. Ce fonctionnement très simple est à la fois engageant (on signe un document qui engage les deux organisations et qui les lient l’une à l’autre) et, paradoxalement, peu engageant (puisque chaque partie peut mettre fin à la convention, unilatéralement, lorsqu’elle le souhaite). Nous avons, depuis, signé plusieurs de ces « conventions d’amitié » avec d’autres organisations.</p>
 <p>Le second déclencheur s’est fait lors du « <a href="http://forum-usages-cooperatifs.net/index.php/Accueil" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Forum des Usages Coopératifs</a> » de Brest, en 2018, où nous retrouvions des compagnons de route, comme Laurent Marseault d’<a href="http://animacoop.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Animacoop</a>. Les discussions filaient bon train sur nos capacités à nous mobiliser sur des objectifs communs, tout en reconnaissant que nous n’avions ni les mêmes compétences, ni les mêmes méthodes de travail, ni les mêmes stratégies. Pourtant, nous sentions intuitivement qu’il y avait interdépendance entre leur objet (la formation aux usages coopératifs) et celui de Framasoft (participer à la transformation sociale par le « libre »). Suffisamment bousculé⋅es par ces discussions intenses, nous partagions notre réflexion lors des Rencontres Mondiales du Logiciel Libre.</p>
 <figure id="attachment_19177" class="thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/S%C3%A9lection_097-1.png"><img loading="lazy" class="borderimage wp-image-19177 size-full" src="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/S%C3%A9lection_097-1.png" alt="" srcset="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_097-1.png 1432w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_097-1-300x220.png 300w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_097-1-1024x752.png 1024w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_097-1-768x564.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1432px) 100vw, 1432px"></a><figcaption class="caption wp-caption-text">Le concept d’archipélisation, appliqué aux relations inter-structures.</figcaption></figure>
 <p> </p>
 <p>Le troisième déclencheur, est venu, lui, des lectures d’<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Glissant" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Édouard Glissant</a>.<br>
 Édouard Glissant (1928-2011), écrivain, poète, philosophe martiniquais, est considéré comme l’un des penseurs les plus importants au monde du concept d’archipélisation. C’est aussi un théoricien de la relation, qui est le lieu par excellence de la lutte comme celui de la prédation.</p>
 <h2>Mais… c’est quoi l’archipélisation ?</h2>
 <p>L’archipélisation est une métaphore insulaire (rappelons qu’Édouard Glissant est né dans l’archipel des Antilles), ne décrivant pas des entités isolées et évoluant selon leurs propres règles, mais comme un ensemble de petites structures indépendantes dont la capacité de développement repose sur la coopération, la mutualisation.</p>
 <p>« J’appelle créolisation la rencontre, l’interférence, le choc, les harmonies et les dysharmonies entre les cultures. » Par ces mots, Édouard Glissant fait de la « créolisation » une décontinentalisation, qu’il nomme archipélisation, et qu’il corrèle à ce qu’il appelle le « tout-monde ». Le monde entier, pour lui, se créolise et s’archipélise.</p>
 <p>Une autre façon d’appréhender ce concept est de penser un réseau de petites structures agiles et flexibles reliées entre elles par des outils conviviaux.</p>
 <p>Cette notion, si elle est associée à celle des <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outil_convivial" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">outils conviviaux</a> d’<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ivan Illich</a> ou la figure du <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome_(philosophie)" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">rhizome</a>, héritée de Deleuze et Gattari, déjoue l’opposition entre centre et périphérie. Il s’agit donc de passer d’une vision continentale, où on essaye de faire continent tous ensemble, à une « archipélisation » d’îlots de résistance émergents. L’objectif n’est donc plus de construire un mouvement unique, monolithique, mais bien d’envisager l’avancée des luttes sous forme de coopérations entre ces différents îlots, sans essayer de se convaincre de tous faire la même chose.</p>
 <p>Évidemment, nous n’avons pas toutes et tous la même histoire, la même capacité de résistance, les mêmes privilèges, les mêmes tempéraments, les mêmes moyens financiers… Mais il nous parait possible de se reconnaître différent⋅es, de respecter la diversité de chacun et chacune dans leurs stratégies et leurs tactiques, tout en partageant des buts communs.</p>
 <figure id="attachment_19174" class="thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://framatube.org/videos/watch/7e261f9e-242c-4100-a0bd-268dab321114?start=53m32s&amp;stop=55m22s"><img loading="lazy" class=".borderimage wp-image-19174 size-full" src="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/S%C3%A9lection_094.png" alt="Vidéo PeerTube. Evocation du concept pour Framasoft, lors du Capitole du Libre 2018. (cliquez sur l'image pour voir la vidéo)" srcset="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_094.png 1903w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_094-300x140.png 300w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_094-1024x477.png 1024w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_094-768x358.png 768w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sélection_094-1536x715.png 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1903px) 100vw, 1903px"></a><figcaption class="caption wp-caption-text">Evocation du concept pour Framasoft, lors du Capitole du Libre 2018. (cliquez sur l’image pour voir la vidéo)</figcaption></figure>
 <p> </p>
 <h2>Baigner dans des eaux communes</h2>
 <p>Cette notion d’archipélisation nous permet de poser un cadre temporaire de nos relations avec d’autres structures. À la fois une manière de faire collectif (sans forcément penser la même chose), et une manière d’être aux autres (avec ce qu’ils et elles nous apportent, ce que nous leur apportons, sans pour autant les absorber ou être absorbés par elles et eux, sans pour autant les adouber ou être adoubés par elles et eux).</p>
 <p>Historiquement, nos premiers partenaires sont issus de la communauté du mouvement libriste (<a href="https://april.org">APRIL</a>, <a href="https://aful.org">AFUL</a>, <a href="https://aldil.org">ALDIL</a>, <a href="https://ffdn.org">FFDN</a>, les <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_d%27utilisateurs_Linux">GULL</a>, <a href="https://dogmazic.net">Dogmazic</a>, <a href="https://linuxfr.org">LinuxFr</a>, <a href="https://sesamath.org">Sesamath</a>, <a href="https://www.wikimedia.fr/">Wikimedia France</a>, etc.), de défense des internautes (<a href="https://laquadrature.net">La Quadrature Du Net</a> ou <a href="https://exodus-privacy.eu.org/fr/">Exodus Privacy</a>) et du mouvement des communs (<a href="http://www.savoirscom1.info/">Savoirs Com1</a>, Le <a href="http://forum-usages-cooperatifs.net/index.php/Accueil">Forum des Usages Coopératifs</a>, La <a href="https://www.lamyne.org/">MYNE</a>, etc.).</p>
 <p>Framasoft travaille depuis quelques années au développement de partenariats avec des structures proches-mais-pas-libristes, dans l’optique de mettre un pied dans la porte à la fois au bénéfice de Framasoft (qui touche d’autres publics), mais aussi des valeurs du libre, d’une part en créant du lien de la sphère libriste vers d’autres structures, d’autre part en ayant un dialogue rapproché avec elles afin de mieux écouter leurs demandes. L’idée commune reste la même : outiller la société de contribution (ou, si vous préférez, <em>Accompagner celles et ceux qui veulent changer le monde, vers des usages numériques cohérents avec leurs valeurs</em>).</p>
 <h2>Euh, et concrètement ?</h2>
 <p>Concrètement, Framasoft a aujourd’hui un partenariat fort avec une structure comme les <a href="http://cemea.asso.fr/">CEMEA</a> (association d’éducation populaire), sans que cela ne nous empêche de travailler avec d’autres acteurs majeurs de l’éducation populaire comme La Ligue de l’Enseignement (sur un MOOC CHATONS dont nous vous parlions la semaine dernière) ou les <a href="http://www.cnajep.asso.fr/">CRAJEP</a> (sur le projet <a href="https://framablog.org/2019/10/31/benevalibre-liberez-vos-benevoles-de-la-startupnation/">Bénévalibre</a> évoqué il y a quelques semaines).</p>
 <p>Nous pouvons aussi avoir de belles relations avec <a href="http://antipub.org/">Résistance à l’Agression Publicitaire</a> (autour de différents projets, dont <a href="https://framablog.org/2019/10/25/framapetitions-est-mort-vive-pytition/">Pytitions</a> que nous vous présentions en octobre) ; sans pour autant entrer dans le « tout sauf Qwant » (même si nous demeurons critiques quant à cette entreprise vivant, justement, de la publicité et à ses méthodes de communication et de management).</p>
 <p>Nous pouvons avoir <a href="https://framabook.org">notre propre maison d’édition</a> et travailler avec <a href="https://lavolte.net/">les éditions La Volte</a> sur la question des imaginaires ou <a href="https://framablog.org/2019/11/29/hold-up-sur-les-donnees-de-sante-patients-et-soignants-unissons-nous/">celui de la santé</a>.</p>
 <p>Nous pouvons accompagner la <a href="https://ffmc.asso.fr/">Fédération Française des Motards en Colère</a> dans sa « <a href="https://degooglisons-internet.org">dégooglisation</a> » (tout en étant parfaitement conscients que son objet premier est de fédérer les usager⋅es de véhicules utilisant des énergies fossiles), et en parallèle <a href="https://colibris-outilslibres.org/">conseiller</a> le mouvement écologiste « <a href="https://www.colibris-lemouvement.org/">Colibris</a> » (là encore, tout en étant critiques sur l’aspect individualiste porté par la fable du Colibri, et vigilant⋅es sur la réputation d’un de ses co-fondateurs, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Rabhi#Critiques_et_controverses" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pierre Rabhi</a>).</p>
 <p>Nous pouvons tout à la fois soutenir le programme <a href="https://www.helloasso.com/pana/">PANA</a> d’<a href="https://www.helloasso.com/">HelloAsso</a> (qui n’a rien d’une asso et tout d’une startup), et annoncer chercher à <a href="https://framablog.org/2019/10/29/identifions-les-acteurs-et-actrices-de-laccompagnement-numerique-libre/">identifier les acteur⋅ices de la formation au libre</a>. Nous pouvons aussi suivre de près ce que fait <a href="https://lamednum.coop/">la MedNum</a>, et travailler avec des acteurs de terrain comme <a href="https://ritimo.org">Ritimo</a>, <a href="https://d%C3%A9rivation.fr/">La Dérivation</a> ou <a href="http://animacoop.net/">Animacoop</a>.</p>
 <h2>Naviguer à la boussole de notre éthique et au compas de nos effets</h2>
 <p>Il ne s’agit pas pour nous de nous cacher derrière du « et en même temps » : nous faisons, quotidiennement, des choix (des choix réfléchis, pesés, informés), qui appuient une stratégie. Nous comprenons que certains acteurs cités ci-dessus paraîtront parfois trop politisés, parfois dépolitisants. Comme lorsque nous annonçons être <a href="https://framablog.org/2019/11/22/une-coalition-francaise-pour-la-defense-et-la-promotion-de-lespace-democratique/">membre fondateur de L.A. Coalition</a> – qui compte aussi des associations telles que <a href="https://tousmigrants.weebly.com/">Tous migrants</a> ou <a href="https://adm-musulmans.com/">Action Droits des Musulmans</a>. Comme lorsque nous réfutons l’opprobre par association (« Le caca de ton partenaire est ton caca »). Comme lorsque nous affirmons que nous refusons de travailler avec l’extrême-droite.</p>
 <p>Nos relations partenariales sont le fruit d’une réflexion sur le temps long. Nous pensons qu’il est possible d’agir à certains endroits, tout en étant critique du contexte. Nous concevons aujourd’hui Framasoft comme une île au sein d’un archipel. Tisser des ponts vers d’autres îles où d’autres que nous font d’autres choses, ne signifie pas qu’on y plante notre drapeau (ni qu’on se laisse imposer le leur).</p>
 <p>Certaines relations que nous entretenons avec d’autres îles (du même archipel ou d’un autre archipel) peuvent ne pas vous convenir, et vous pouvez donc les critiquer. Nous vous écoutons. Nous vous lisons. Nous discutons même, quand nous le pouvons. Mais nous traçons nos propres limites, nos propres stratégies. Nous ne sommes pas « vous ». Nous sommes là où nous voulons être.</p>
 <figure id="attachment_19178" class="thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-19178 size-large" src="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/photo-1459891373124-d2ab1e3ed58e-1024x683.jpg" alt="" srcset="https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/photo-1459891373124-d2ab1e3ed58e-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/photo-1459891373124-d2ab1e3ed58e-300x200.jpg 300w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/photo-1459891373124-d2ab1e3ed58e-768x512.jpg 768w, https://framablog.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/photo-1459891373124-d2ab1e3ed58e.jpg 1051w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"><figcaption class="caption wp-caption-text">Libriste quittant son archipel pour d’autres militances – Allégorie ;)</figcaption></figure>
 <h2>C’est bien plus beau lorsque <a href="https://www.lettres-et-arts.net/anthologie/mort-anthologie-textes-poemes/mort-cyrano-bergerac-rostand+156" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">c’est inutile</a> !</h2>
 <p>Nous répétons souvent « La route est longue, mais la voie est libre ». Mais cela ne signifie pas qu’elle ne soit pas semée d’embûches. :)</p>
 <p>Depuis près de 20 ans, Framasoft agit pour promouvoir un numérique émancipateur. Nous avons bien entendu remporté quelques batailles, mais force est de constater que les <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAFAM">GAFAM</a>, bien que critiqués de toutes parts quotidiennement, n’ont jamais été aussi puissants et aussi présents. Comment, dans ce cas, ne pas reconnaître que notre combat, s’il n’est pas futile pour autant, nous oblige à beaucoup d’humilité face à l’incertitude de son issue ?</p>
 <p>Sur la façon de mener des luttes qui paraissent impossibles, que cela soit contre les géants du numérique, pour des outils libres et conviviaux, ou contre le capitalisme (de surveillance ou pas), nous aimerions <a href="https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2019/10/22/corinne-morel-darleux-refuser-un-poste-sortir-de-la-surconsommation-c-est-affirmer-que-cette-societe_1759102" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">citer la militante Corinne Morel-Darleux</a> :</p>
 <blockquote><p>Plus les victoires futures sont hypothétiques, plus on a besoin de s’abreuver à d’autres sources de l’engagement. Il est des combats qu’on mène non pas parce qu’on est sûr de les gagner, mais simplement parce qu’ils sont justes ; c’est toute la beauté de l’engagement politique. Il faut remettre la dignité du présent au cœur de l’engagement : rester debout, digne, ne pas renoncer à la lutte. Il y a toujours des choses à sauver ! C’est une question d’élégance, de loyauté, de courage, valeurs hélas un peu désuètes. Il s’agit d’avoir des comportements individuels en accord avec notre projet collectif, comme l’a formulé l’anarchiste Emma Goldman (1869-1940)<em>.</em> On peut marier radicalité du fond et aménité de la forme, action radicale et élégance. Je plaide pour le retour du panache !</p></blockquote>
 <p>Comme les harmonies et les dysharmonies évoquées par Édouard Glissant, nous reconnaissons le caractère ténu, fluctuant, impermanent, « tremblant » de nos relations avec les autres. Si, comme à nous, cette idée vous paraît pertinente, vous pouvez vous en emparer pour rejoindre ou faire émerger « votre » île, avec ce qu’elle comporte de spécificités en termes de stratégies et de tactiques, puis tisser les liens de votre choix dans un archipel de luttes et de mobilisations collectives auprès des militances qui vous importent.</p>
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  <p>Our June Insights puzzle added a few twists to a classic puzzle made famous by Martin Gardner in his 1965 <em>Scientific American</em> column and later published in the book <em>The Colossal Book of Short Puzzles and Problems</em>. In our version, a swimmer at the center of a circular lake of radius 3.5 is attempting to escape a bear hunting him from the shore. The bear doesn’t swim but can run along the circumference at 3.5 times the swimmer’s speed, which is 1 unit of length per unit of time. To survive, the athlete must swim to shore before the bear reaches the same point.</p>
 <p>Our first puzzle posed some basic questions about the swimmer’s strategy. For example, what could he learn from the way squirrels spiral up a tree to escape pursuing dogs? The other puzzles explored newer questions, which led to some unexpected mathematical sleuthing.</p>
 <p>Before we discuss the solutions, you may have noticed that we did not mention any specific units for distance, time and velocity. The numbers were carefully chosen to avoid the need for conversion factors: First, the swimmer’s velocity is 1, so the swimmer’s time is numerically equal to his swimming distance. Second, the ratio of the bear’s speed to the swimmer’s speed is the same as the lake’s radius, so the bear’s angular velocity is also 1. In other words, the distance traveled by the swimmer over a given time interval has the same numeric value as the angular distance (in radians) traveled by the bear. Clearly, swimming straight for the shore opposite the bear is not an option, since the bear only needs to run π (~3.14) radians while the athlete needs to swim 3.5 distance units. To simplify matters, we’ll mostly dispense with the word “units” and just mention the numeric values. (If this lack of explicit units makes you uncomfortable, you’re welcome to substitute any units you like, so long as your velocity is expressed in terms of the same units you’ve used for distance and time.)</p>
 <p id="component-61284eba99eba" class=""></p>
 <p>For further convenience, let’s assume that the center of the lake is at the origin (0, 0) of an <em>x</em>–<em>y</em> coordinate system and the bear starts out at the easternmost edge along the <em>x</em>-axis (3.5, 0). We will express angle measurement in radians, giving the degree equivalents only in the final answers. (I loved how <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5445837237">Paolo Abiuso parodied</a> the classic riddle that asks, “What color is the bear?” Paolo’s answer: “I don’t know, but it seems to understand polar coordinates.”)</p>
 <p>To start the chase, the swimmer forces the bear to run by making a small movement away from the bear in the opposite direction. If the bear does nothing, the swimmer continues moving away, getting closer to the shore with no gain for the bear. Therefore, the bear’s best strategy is to commit itself and start running in either direction. Let’s assume the bear runs counterclockwise.</p>
 <h2>Puzzle 1</h2>
 <ol class="capital-abc">
 <li>How can the swimmer apply the squirrel strategy (keeping in a direction diametrically opposite to the bear) to get into the best position to escape?</li>
 <li>What kind of path does the swimmer trace in doing so?</li>
 <li>How many full turns will the swimmer make before the squirrel strategy stops being of any further help?</li>
 <li>How long does it take to reach that point?</li>
 <li>Can the swimmer finally evade the bear?</li>
 </ol>
 <p>We’ll assume the bear continues running counterclockwise. For these particular questions, changing direction either makes no difference or makes things worse for the bear.</p>
 <p>A. Starting at the center of the lake initially allows the swimmer to keep pace with the bear’s angular velocity. At every point, the athlete can imagine a small “safe circle” around the origin, within which he can always stay opposite the bear. He wants to allocate just enough of his swimming velocity to going around such a circle (in the tangential as opposed to the radial direction) in order to remain opposite the bear while simultaneously moving outward as quickly as he can toward the shore. At a certain distance he reaches the largest possible safe circle, such that he has to swim at full speed along its perimeter just to keep opposite the bear, and he is no longer getting closer to the shore. This occurs when the swimmer reaches a distance of 1 from the center of the lake. The beauty of the squirrel strategy is that the swimmer gains distance from the bear without allowing the bear to reduce any of the angular separation.</p>
 <p id="component-61284ebaa5d04" class=""></p>
 <p>If the bear changes directions frequently, the swimmer just needs to shuffle in the opposite direction to the bear, following what <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5481198793">Jonathan Barmak</a> described as a path that is “piecewise semicircular (concatenation of arcs of circles of same radius).” This will also take the swimmer the same distance away from the bear in the same time.</p>
 <p>B. As several readers pointed out, this strategy results in the swimmer moving along a semicircle (OP in red) with radius 0.5 and center at (0, −0.5), and ending up at point (0, −1) south of the center. <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5439765885">Jonathan Barmak gave a technical reason</a> for why this path is a semicircle.</p>
 <p>C. The swimmer thus makes a full half-turn (π radians) along the semicircle, in the same time that the bear has made a quarter turn ($latex \frac{π}{2}$ radians) along the circumference of the lake. By the magic of our automatic interconversions, this will take the bear a time of $latex \frac{π}{2}$ or 1.57, which happens to be the distance the athlete swims along the circumference of the semicircle (π times its radius of 0.5).</p>
 <p>D. As we established above, it takes 1.57 time units to reach the safe circle along the red semicircle OP in the figure.</p>
 <p>E. It is now obvious that the swimmer can evade the bear. The swimmer only has to swim 2.5 (time or distance units) in the radial direction (PQ) to reach the shore at the south pole of the lake. The bear still needs a time of π to reach the same point. The swimmer’s total time will be 1.57 + 2.5 = 4.07, and he will reach the shore π − 2.5 = 0.64 time units before the bear (with a separation of 0.64 × 3.5 = 2.26 distance units along the circumference from C to Q).</p>
 <p>These basic questions were well answered by several readers, including <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5438212458">Arthur Champernowne</a>, <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5438859199">Andrew</a>, <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5439765885">Jonathan Barmak</a>, <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5442087087">Lazar Ilic</a>, <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5443974257">Ivan Rygaev</a> and <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5445837237">Paolo Abiuso</a>.</p>
 <p>For this puzzle and all the others except puzzle 2, it does not make any difference if the bear reverses direction. The swimmer can simply reverse his angular direction to stay opposite the bear while moving outward as before. The relative positions of the bear and swimmer remain the same, with the swimmer opposite the bear at the exact distance he would have been if the bear had not reversed.</p>
 <p>Puzzle 2 is more complicated and interesting. Let’s look at the other puzzles first.</p>
 <h2>Puzzle 3</h2>
 <p>Suppose, on the other hand, that the athlete’s goal is to get out of the lake as far ahead of the bear as possible. Which of these strategies is now most efficient, and what is the greatest distance he can put between himself and the bear along the lake circumference?</p>
 <ol class="capital-abc">
 <li>Follow the squirrel strategy until it doesn’t help any longer, and then make a dash for it in the radial direction.</li>
 <li>Follow the squirrel strategy until it doesn’t help any longer, and then make a dash for it in some other direction.</li>
 <li>Follow the squirrel strategy for some time, and then make a dash for it in some direction.</li>
 <li>Follow some other strategy instead of the squirrel strategy.</li>
 </ol>
 <p>The answer is <strong>B</strong>, which gives the swimmer a maximum circumferential lead of 3.74.</p>
 <p>The swimmer must follow the squirrel strategy as far as it can go, which takes him to a radial distance of 1, and then make a dash for it in the direction that takes him furthest away from the bear. This lies along the tangent away from the bear in the same direction that the swimmer was headed at the instant he joined the safe circle — directly heading east in our scenario.</p>
 <p>The reason for this is clear: Since the swimmer is seeking to maximize distance, he must milk the squirrel strategy to the hilt, as it gives him separation from the bear for free. Once he reaches the limit of that strategy, he needs to make a dash in the direction as far away from the bear as possible, which happens to be the tangent to the safe circle. Making the angle any larger would result in the swimmer reentering the safe circle, taking him back to square one.</p>
 <p id="component-61284ebaaeef7" class=""></p>
 <p>It is not hard to calculate how far ahead of the bear the swimmer will emerge from the lake. In Figure 2, the length of line segment OP is 1, and OQ, the hypotenuse of the triangle, is 3.5. The length of his final dash, by Pythagoras’ theorem, is $latex \sqrt{\left(OQ^{2}-O P^{2}\right)}$ or $latex \sqrt{\left(3.5^{2}-1^{2}\right)}$ = 3.354, during which he covers cos<sup>-1</sup>($latex \frac{1}{3.5}$) = 1.281 radians in addition to his initial lead of π which makes ~4.423 radians. Our numerical magic also tells us how much the bear has covered from B to C during the swimmer’s dash: It’s the same number as PQ in radians, 3.354, which is 1.069 radians short of the swimmer (or a distance of 3.74 along the arc CQ). This is about 67% greater than the lead achieved by the simple strategy described in the solution of puzzle 1.</p>
 <h2>Bonus 1</h2>
 <p>Does the best strategy for puzzles 2 and 3 change if the radius of the lake is 4.5 units and the bear’s running speed is 4.5 times that of the swimmer? (The swimmer’s speed remains the same as before.)</p>
 <p>Answer: No, it does not change for puzzle 3. Puzzle 2 is an open question that we will discuss later.</p>
 <p>The strategy for puzzle 3 would not change at all for this case. In fact, the simple strategy described in the puzzle 1 solution fails for the case where the lake’s radius and the speed ratio between the bear and the swimmer exceed π + 1 (~4.14). Nevertheless, by following the puzzle 3 strategy, the swimmer can escape quite easily.</p>
 <p>Here are the same calculations we made above for this case.</p>
 <p>The radius of the safe circle remains 1 unit. In the diagram, line segment OP is 1, and the hypotenuse OQ is now 4.5. The length of the swimmer’s straight dash is $latex \sqrt{\left(4.5^{2}-1^{2}\right)}$ = 4.387 units, covering an additional cos<sup>-1</sup>($latex \frac{1}{4.5}$) = 1.347 radians. The bear would need to run around an arc of π + 1.347 = 4.888 radians to catch up with the swimmer when he reaches the shore. Since the bear only covers 4.387 (same as the length swum by the swimmer), it will fall 4.488 − 4.387 = 0.101 radians short.</p>
 <p><a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5438212458">Arthur Champernowne</a><u>,</u> <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5442087087">Lazar Ilic</a> and <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5445837237">Paolo Abiuso</a> recognized that there is life after π + 1 and used this strategy to answer the second bonus question below.</p>
 <h2>Bonus 2</h2>
 <p>What is the highest ratio between the bear’s running speed and the swimmer’s speed that will still allow the swimmer to escape? (Assume that the radius of the lake in units is equal to this ratio, and the swimmer’s speed is unchanged.)</p>
 <p>Answer: 4.6033.</p>
 <p>We need to do the same calculations as above in reverse. By setting the final distance between the swimmer and the bear to zero and solving numerically for the lake radius and bear speed that would produce this result, we get a value of 4.6033. You can check that this is the limit: $latex \sqrt{\left(4.6033^{2}-1^{2}\right)}$ = 4.4934, cos<sup>-1</sup>($latex \frac{1}{4.6033}$) = 1.3518, and π + 1.3518 (the angle the bear travels) also equals 4.4934 from B to C.</p>
 <h2>Puzzle 2</h2>
 <p>Suppose our goal is not just to evade the bear but to escape as fast as possible (our swimmer’s arms and legs are tired, after all). Which of these strategies is most efficient, and what is the fastest escape time in each case?</p>
 <p>This turned out to be an extremely interesting question, whose final answer is still in doubt. The two contending strategies are:</p>
 <p>C. Follow the squirrel strategy for some time, and then make a dash for it in some direction.<br>
 D. Follow some other strategy instead of the squirrel strategy.</p>
 <p>Amazingly, they are equally efficient to the third decimal place!</p>
 <p>Strategy C gives an optimized solution of <strong>3.5041</strong> that cannot be improved further, while strategy D gives a solution of <strong>3.5038</strong> that can possibly be improved.</p>
 <p>We are considering this problem last because of a fundamental complication: The bear can reverse direction! If the bear chose to do so in any of the previous situations, it wouldn’t affect the final result. But if the swimmer is trying to minimize his swimming time, the situation changes. A reversal of direction can literally bend the swimmer’s path out of shape, adding a significant amount of time to the originally intended path. As <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5463587970">Jonathan Barmak</a> rightly pointed out, this must be factored in when we’re determining the quickest path. When I originally prepared this puzzle, I thought the answer was obviously C, but Barmak’s construction forced me to revisit D.</p>
 <p>As an example, consider an obvious strategy that would be fastest if the bear did not change direction. Once the bear has committed to running in a particular direction, the swimmer can just aim radially at a point slightly ahead of where the bear would get to in a time of 3.5, which in our coordinate system also has an angular distance of 3.5 radians. Since a straight line is the shortest distance between two points, this is without a doubt the shortest possible path for the swimmer, taking 3.5 time units.</p>
 <p id="component-61284ebab8218" class=""></p>
 <p>That sounds great in principle, but the bear can allow the swimmer to commit himself to this path and then change directions after running an angular distance of about 0.12 (from A to B in Figure 3, which is about a third of 3.5 − π). This forces the swimmer to alter his intended target C (which is at an angle of 3.5 from A), aiming just ahead of the point C’, which is where the bear will reach running clockwise from B. C’ is at an angular coordinate of π − 0.13 (~3.01) from A resulting in a new path time of 3.515.</p>
 <p>In evaluating the time of a path, we have to use the worst-case scenario. Let’s look at each of the possible strategies mentioned.</p>
 <p>A. Follow the squirrel strategy until it doesn’t help any longer, and then make a dash for it in the radial direction.</p>
 <p>The squirrel strategy, as we saw above, is impervious to a reversal of direction. Hence the fastest path time for this strategy remains 4.07 as we determined in puzzle 1.</p>
 <p>B. Follow the squirrel strategy until it doesn’t help any longer, and then make a dash for it in some other direction.</p>
 <p>The fastest time is at least 4.07, since the shortest distance to shore from the edge of the safe circle is radial. Heading in another direction simply adds more distance and time.</p>
 <p>C. Follow the squirrel strategy for some time, and then make a dash for it in some direction. </p>
 <p>The swimmer can follow the squirrel strategy until he is exactly π units away from shore radially, and then make a straight dash radially. This strategy was suggested by some readers, and it is impervious to disruption, because the bear will require a time of π to catch the swimmer regardless of which direction it runs. The time required for this is π + arcsin(3.5 − π) = 3.50815.</p>
 <p><a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5442087087">Lazar Ilic</a> and <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5445837237">Paolo Abiuso</a> suggested the swimmer should start following the squirrel strategy and at the optimal moment take off on the tangent to his semicircular path that reaches the shore just ahead of the bear. We can call this the arc-tangent strategy. In principle this seems to be an optimal strategy because it involves no change in direction and as Abiuso mentioned, this kind of smooth transition will save time compared to a sharp change in angle. The shortest arc-tangent combination that just eludes the bear requires spending 0.1861 following the squirrel strategy, followed by a tangential straight-line dash of 3.318, giving a total path time of 3.5041. Unlike in the straight-line case discussed above, the bear cannot increase the swimmer’s time by reversing course, even though the straight-line segment is greater than π.</p>
 <p id="component-61284ebac1403" class=""></p>
 <p>As <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5487553416">Paolo Abiuso</a> pointed out in rebutting the claims of strategy D, a reversal by the bear does force the swimmer to alter his path, but this decreases the swimmer’s time because the swimmer can take a path that’s closer to the shore than his original destination. In Figure 4, the swimmer remains on his initial squirrel path as the bear moves from A to B. When the bear reaches B, the swimmer, at T, takes off on a tangent. The destination is C if the bear keeps moving counterclockwise or C’ if it changes direction. The two paths are of equal length as OC’ is the mirror image of OC across the radial line from B. Let’s assume the bear continues counterclockwise. At R, the bear switches direction. Notice that there exists a path DF (shown in red) that mirrors the swimmer’s original target across the radial line DR’ to F, which is again of equal length. The swimmer has a wedge-shape area of the circle CDF within which every point on shore is closer to him than his original target. The swimmer can therefore escape in a shorter time as explained below.</p>
 <p>Recall that the swimmer was diametrically opposite the bear at point T before starting on his straight-line dash. Thereafter, the bear steadily gains in angular distance on the swimmer counterclockwise. So, the length of arc RR’ counterclockwise (let’s call this RR’<em>cc</em>) is less than π, but its clockwise length is more than π (let’s call this RR’<em>c</em>, making RR’<em>c</em> &gt; RR’<em>cc)</em>. The counterclockwise reach of the bear is the length of arc RC in the original time, which is equal to the clockwise arc RC’’ where C’’ is the point the bear would expect to end up clockwise. Let’s call this distance <em>x</em>. Therefore, arc R’C, which is <em>x</em> − RR’<em>cc,</em> is longer than arc R’C’’ which is <em>x </em>− RR’<em>c</em> — the bear has a longer “reach” past R’ in its original direction compared to the reverse direction. But arc R’C is equal to arc R’F (as DF is a radial mirror of DC). Therefore, the bear cannot quite reach F clockwise in the same time as it would reach C counterclockwise. Thus, the swimmer could swim to any point within arc C’’F, all of which are closer to the shore than his original target.</p>
 <p>D. Follow some other strategy instead of the squirrel strategy.</p>
 <p><a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5463587970">Jonathan Barmak</a> suggested and diagrammed a fast disruption-free path that he called the “squirrel + two segments” strategy:</p>
 <ol>
 <li>Follow the squirrel strategy for 0.3 units of time. …</li>
 <li>Then move radially for 0.07 units.</li>
 <li>Check where the bear is and move straight to its antipodal point.</li>
 </ol>
 <p>This results in a straight-line dash of 3.1355 units. Since this is smaller than π, it cannot be disrupted because the reverse distance the bear will need to cover to reach the same point will be longer. Barmak also showed that reversal by the bear during the second segment does not increase the path duration. The time required by this path is 3.5055.</p>
 <p>Barmak’s innovative construction is explicitly designed to ensure that path reversals do not increase the stated maximum time. Nevertheless, it involves not just one, but two sharp changes in direction, which seems to indicate that the time can probably be improved by smoothing out the transitions between the three parts.</p>
 <p>There is one other path we can explore. We saw that any change in the bear’s direction shortened the backward time in the arc-tangent path. What if we chose a path such that the swimmer pulls as far away as needed from the backward path to keep its length at the allowable maximum at all points? In other words, the swimmer swims at the edge of what he can get away with, equalizing his forward and backward path lengths at all points (except in the beginning and the end).</p>
 <p>My calculations indicate that such a path indeed exists. It consists of a straight dash at the beginning, and another at the end, joined by a smooth curve that keeps the length of the projected backward path the same as what the forward path finally ends up being. Specifically, the swimmer aims at an angle of 3.2453 radians for a distance of 0.079 initially and makes a straight dash of length 3.3168 to the shore at an angle of 3.5038 radians at the end. These two straight line segments are joined by a smooth curve until about time 0.187, during which the distance from the moving reverse target is kept such that the projected backward path time remains constant. As the destination reveals, the path time is 3.5038, slightly better than that of the arc-tangent strategy.  (Disclaimer: This is a new solution that has not been time-tested. It could have some unapparent flaw or need some modifications.)</p>
 <p>To address the bonus 1 question, there is no reason to think that the arc-tangent strategy and this new solution will not apply if the radius of the lake were 4.5 units with the bear’s running speed 4.5 times that of the swimmer.</p>
 <p>After the safety-first, squirrel-assisted time of over 4, these improved strategies get the swimmer unbelievably close to the minimum possible time of 3.5!</p>
 <p>It is possible that this straight line-curve-straight line path can be optimized a little further. These kinds of path-length calculations are tricky to do, and it is even trickier to prove that the path can withstand all kinds of disruptions by the bear reversing its direction.</p>
 <p id="component-61284ebac1e80" class="related-list"></p>
 <p>What if the bear reverses a second time? This is not as disruptive as it might seem for two reasons. First, notice that a reversal is costly for the bear: In every reversal, it gives up any gain on the swimmer that it has already achieved, so the reversal has a penalty of reducing the reach of the reverse path by twice the length of the reversed segment. Second, the bear is running out of time: The closer the swimmer gets to shore, the less effective the reversal is in increasing path length, until it completely ceases to be effective when the swimmer’s distance from the bear’s antipode reaches π.</p>
 <p>Thank you to all who dived into this puzzle. If you come up with a better time for puzzle 2, please post it here. I will also post further details of the solution presented here. Please let me know if I’ve made a mistake in any of these calculations, or if you can think of a way that allows the bear to lengthen the swimmer’s path that I may have missed. The prize for this puzzle goes to Paolo Abiuso and Jonathan Barmak, who argued eloquently for their two competing strategies. Congratulations to the winners and see you next time for new Insights!</p>
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--- a/cache/2021/fd729cfc00ad9115213b7b4cbe9508e8/index.md
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 title: Quanta Magazine
 url: https://www.quantamagazine.org/math-can-in-theory-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210825/
 hash_url: fd729cfc00ad9115213b7b4cbe9508e8

 <p>Our June Insights puzzle added a few twists to a classic puzzle made famous by Martin Gardner in his 1965 <em>Scientific American</em> column and later published in the book <em>The Colossal Book of Short Puzzles and Problems</em>. In our version, a swimmer at the center of a circular lake of radius 3.5 is attempting to escape a bear hunting him from the shore. The bear doesn’t swim but can run along the circumference at 3.5 times the swimmer’s speed, which is 1 unit of length per unit of time. To survive, the athlete must swim to shore before the bear reaches the same point.</p>
 <p>Our first puzzle posed some basic questions about the swimmer’s strategy. For example, what could he learn from the way squirrels spiral up a tree to escape pursuing dogs? The other puzzles explored newer questions, which led to some unexpected mathematical sleuthing.</p>
 <p>Before we discuss the solutions, you may have noticed that we did not mention any specific units for distance, time and velocity. The numbers were carefully chosen to avoid the need for conversion factors: First, the swimmer’s velocity is 1, so the swimmer’s time is numerically equal to his swimming distance. Second, the ratio of the bear’s speed to the swimmer’s speed is the same as the lake’s radius, so the bear’s angular velocity is also 1. In other words, the distance traveled by the swimmer over a given time interval has the same numeric value as the angular distance (in radians) traveled by the bear. Clearly, swimming straight for the shore opposite the bear is not an option, since the bear only needs to run π (~3.14) radians while the athlete needs to swim 3.5 distance units. To simplify matters, we’ll mostly dispense with the word “units” and just mention the numeric values. (If this lack of explicit units makes you uncomfortable, you’re welcome to substitute any units you like, so long as your velocity is expressed in terms of the same units you’ve used for distance and time.)</p>
 <p id="component-61284eba99eba" class=""></p>
 <p>For further convenience, let’s assume that the center of the lake is at the origin (0, 0) of an <em>x</em>–<em>y</em> coordinate system and the bear starts out at the easternmost edge along the <em>x</em>-axis (3.5, 0). We will express angle measurement in radians, giving the degree equivalents only in the final answers. (I loved how <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5445837237">Paolo Abiuso parodied</a> the classic riddle that asks, “What color is the bear?” Paolo’s answer: “I don’t know, but it seems to understand polar coordinates.”)</p>
 <p>To start the chase, the swimmer forces the bear to run by making a small movement away from the bear in the opposite direction. If the bear does nothing, the swimmer continues moving away, getting closer to the shore with no gain for the bear. Therefore, the bear’s best strategy is to commit itself and start running in either direction. Let’s assume the bear runs counterclockwise.</p>
 <h2>Puzzle 1</h2>
 <ol class="capital-abc">
 <li>How can the swimmer apply the squirrel strategy (keeping in a direction diametrically opposite to the bear) to get into the best position to escape?</li>
 <li>What kind of path does the swimmer trace in doing so?</li>
 <li>How many full turns will the swimmer make before the squirrel strategy stops being of any further help?</li>
 <li>How long does it take to reach that point?</li>
 <li>Can the swimmer finally evade the bear?</li>
 </ol>
 <p>We’ll assume the bear continues running counterclockwise. For these particular questions, changing direction either makes no difference or makes things worse for the bear.</p>
 <p>A. Starting at the center of the lake initially allows the swimmer to keep pace with the bear’s angular velocity. At every point, the athlete can imagine a small “safe circle” around the origin, within which he can always stay opposite the bear. He wants to allocate just enough of his swimming velocity to going around such a circle (in the tangential as opposed to the radial direction) in order to remain opposite the bear while simultaneously moving outward as quickly as he can toward the shore. At a certain distance he reaches the largest possible safe circle, such that he has to swim at full speed along its perimeter just to keep opposite the bear, and he is no longer getting closer to the shore. This occurs when the swimmer reaches a distance of 1 from the center of the lake. The beauty of the squirrel strategy is that the swimmer gains distance from the bear without allowing the bear to reduce any of the angular separation.</p>
 <p id="component-61284ebaa5d04" class=""></p>
 <p>If the bear changes directions frequently, the swimmer just needs to shuffle in the opposite direction to the bear, following what <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5481198793">Jonathan Barmak</a> described as a path that is “piecewise semicircular (concatenation of arcs of circles of same radius).” This will also take the swimmer the same distance away from the bear in the same time.</p>
 <p>B. As several readers pointed out, this strategy results in the swimmer moving along a semicircle (OP in red) with radius 0.5 and center at (0, −0.5), and ending up at point (0, −1) south of the center. <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5439765885">Jonathan Barmak gave a technical reason</a> for why this path is a semicircle.</p>
 <p>C. The swimmer thus makes a full half-turn (π radians) along the semicircle, in the same time that the bear has made a quarter turn ($latex \frac{π}{2}$ radians) along the circumference of the lake. By the magic of our automatic interconversions, this will take the bear a time of $latex \frac{π}{2}$ or 1.57, which happens to be the distance the athlete swims along the circumference of the semicircle (π times its radius of 0.5).</p>
 <p>D. As we established above, it takes 1.57 time units to reach the safe circle along the red semicircle OP in the figure.</p>
 <p>E. It is now obvious that the swimmer can evade the bear. The swimmer only has to swim 2.5 (time or distance units) in the radial direction (PQ) to reach the shore at the south pole of the lake. The bear still needs a time of π to reach the same point. The swimmer’s total time will be 1.57 + 2.5 = 4.07, and he will reach the shore π − 2.5 = 0.64 time units before the bear (with a separation of 0.64 × 3.5 = 2.26 distance units along the circumference from C to Q).</p>
 <p>These basic questions were well answered by several readers, including <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5438212458">Arthur Champernowne</a>, <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5438859199">Andrew</a>, <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5439765885">Jonathan Barmak</a>, <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5442087087">Lazar Ilic</a>, <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5443974257">Ivan Rygaev</a> and <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5445837237">Paolo Abiuso</a>.</p>
 <p>For this puzzle and all the others except puzzle 2, it does not make any difference if the bear reverses direction. The swimmer can simply reverse his angular direction to stay opposite the bear while moving outward as before. The relative positions of the bear and swimmer remain the same, with the swimmer opposite the bear at the exact distance he would have been if the bear had not reversed.</p>
 <p>Puzzle 2 is more complicated and interesting. Let’s look at the other puzzles first.</p>
 <h2>Puzzle 3</h2>
 <p>Suppose, on the other hand, that the athlete’s goal is to get out of the lake as far ahead of the bear as possible. Which of these strategies is now most efficient, and what is the greatest distance he can put between himself and the bear along the lake circumference?</p>
 <ol class="capital-abc">
 <li>Follow the squirrel strategy until it doesn’t help any longer, and then make a dash for it in the radial direction.</li>
 <li>Follow the squirrel strategy until it doesn’t help any longer, and then make a dash for it in some other direction.</li>
 <li>Follow the squirrel strategy for some time, and then make a dash for it in some direction.</li>
 <li>Follow some other strategy instead of the squirrel strategy.</li>
 </ol>
 <p>The answer is <strong>B</strong>, which gives the swimmer a maximum circumferential lead of 3.74.</p>
 <p>The swimmer must follow the squirrel strategy as far as it can go, which takes him to a radial distance of 1, and then make a dash for it in the direction that takes him furthest away from the bear. This lies along the tangent away from the bear in the same direction that the swimmer was headed at the instant he joined the safe circle — directly heading east in our scenario.</p>
 <p>The reason for this is clear: Since the swimmer is seeking to maximize distance, he must milk the squirrel strategy to the hilt, as it gives him separation from the bear for free. Once he reaches the limit of that strategy, he needs to make a dash in the direction as far away from the bear as possible, which happens to be the tangent to the safe circle. Making the angle any larger would result in the swimmer reentering the safe circle, taking him back to square one.</p>
 <p id="component-61284ebaaeef7" class=""></p>
 <p>It is not hard to calculate how far ahead of the bear the swimmer will emerge from the lake. In Figure 2, the length of line segment OP is 1, and OQ, the hypotenuse of the triangle, is 3.5. The length of his final dash, by Pythagoras’ theorem, is $latex \sqrt{\left(OQ^{2}-O P^{2}\right)}$ or $latex \sqrt{\left(3.5^{2}-1^{2}\right)}$ = 3.354, during which he covers cos<sup>-1</sup>($latex \frac{1}{3.5}$) = 1.281 radians in addition to his initial lead of π which makes ~4.423 radians. Our numerical magic also tells us how much the bear has covered from B to C during the swimmer’s dash: It’s the same number as PQ in radians, 3.354, which is 1.069 radians short of the swimmer (or a distance of 3.74 along the arc CQ). This is about 67% greater than the lead achieved by the simple strategy described in the solution of puzzle 1.</p>
 <h2>Bonus 1</h2>
 <p>Does the best strategy for puzzles 2 and 3 change if the radius of the lake is 4.5 units and the bear’s running speed is 4.5 times that of the swimmer? (The swimmer’s speed remains the same as before.)</p>
 <p>Answer: No, it does not change for puzzle 3. Puzzle 2 is an open question that we will discuss later.</p>
 <p>The strategy for puzzle 3 would not change at all for this case. In fact, the simple strategy described in the puzzle 1 solution fails for the case where the lake’s radius and the speed ratio between the bear and the swimmer exceed π + 1 (~4.14). Nevertheless, by following the puzzle 3 strategy, the swimmer can escape quite easily.</p>
 <p>Here are the same calculations we made above for this case.</p>
 <p>The radius of the safe circle remains 1 unit. In the diagram, line segment OP is 1, and the hypotenuse OQ is now 4.5. The length of the swimmer’s straight dash is $latex \sqrt{\left(4.5^{2}-1^{2}\right)}$ = 4.387 units, covering an additional cos<sup>-1</sup>($latex \frac{1}{4.5}$) = 1.347 radians. The bear would need to run around an arc of π + 1.347 = 4.888 radians to catch up with the swimmer when he reaches the shore. Since the bear only covers 4.387 (same as the length swum by the swimmer), it will fall 4.488 − 4.387 = 0.101 radians short.</p>
 <p><a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5438212458">Arthur Champernowne</a><u>,</u> <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5442087087">Lazar Ilic</a> and <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5445837237">Paolo Abiuso</a> recognized that there is life after π + 1 and used this strategy to answer the second bonus question below.</p>
 <h2>Bonus 2</h2>
 <p>What is the highest ratio between the bear’s running speed and the swimmer’s speed that will still allow the swimmer to escape? (Assume that the radius of the lake in units is equal to this ratio, and the swimmer’s speed is unchanged.)</p>
 <p>Answer: 4.6033.</p>
 <p>We need to do the same calculations as above in reverse. By setting the final distance between the swimmer and the bear to zero and solving numerically for the lake radius and bear speed that would produce this result, we get a value of 4.6033. You can check that this is the limit: $latex \sqrt{\left(4.6033^{2}-1^{2}\right)}$ = 4.4934, cos<sup>-1</sup>($latex \frac{1}{4.6033}$) = 1.3518, and π + 1.3518 (the angle the bear travels) also equals 4.4934 from B to C.</p>
 <h2>Puzzle 2</h2>
 <p>Suppose our goal is not just to evade the bear but to escape as fast as possible (our swimmer’s arms and legs are tired, after all). Which of these strategies is most efficient, and what is the fastest escape time in each case?</p>
 <p>This turned out to be an extremely interesting question, whose final answer is still in doubt. The two contending strategies are:</p>
 <p>C. Follow the squirrel strategy for some time, and then make a dash for it in some direction.<br>
 D. Follow some other strategy instead of the squirrel strategy.</p>
 <p>Amazingly, they are equally efficient to the third decimal place!</p>
 <p>Strategy C gives an optimized solution of <strong>3.5041</strong> that cannot be improved further, while strategy D gives a solution of <strong>3.5038</strong> that can possibly be improved.</p>
 <p>We are considering this problem last because of a fundamental complication: The bear can reverse direction! If the bear chose to do so in any of the previous situations, it wouldn’t affect the final result. But if the swimmer is trying to minimize his swimming time, the situation changes. A reversal of direction can literally bend the swimmer’s path out of shape, adding a significant amount of time to the originally intended path. As <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5463587970">Jonathan Barmak</a> rightly pointed out, this must be factored in when we’re determining the quickest path. When I originally prepared this puzzle, I thought the answer was obviously C, but Barmak’s construction forced me to revisit D.</p>
 <p>As an example, consider an obvious strategy that would be fastest if the bear did not change direction. Once the bear has committed to running in a particular direction, the swimmer can just aim radially at a point slightly ahead of where the bear would get to in a time of 3.5, which in our coordinate system also has an angular distance of 3.5 radians. Since a straight line is the shortest distance between two points, this is without a doubt the shortest possible path for the swimmer, taking 3.5 time units.</p>
 <p id="component-61284ebab8218" class=""></p>
 <p>That sounds great in principle, but the bear can allow the swimmer to commit himself to this path and then change directions after running an angular distance of about 0.12 (from A to B in Figure 3, which is about a third of 3.5 − π). This forces the swimmer to alter his intended target C (which is at an angle of 3.5 from A), aiming just ahead of the point C’, which is where the bear will reach running clockwise from B. C’ is at an angular coordinate of π − 0.13 (~3.01) from A resulting in a new path time of 3.515.</p>
 <p>In evaluating the time of a path, we have to use the worst-case scenario. Let’s look at each of the possible strategies mentioned.</p>
 <p>A. Follow the squirrel strategy until it doesn’t help any longer, and then make a dash for it in the radial direction.</p>
 <p>The squirrel strategy, as we saw above, is impervious to a reversal of direction. Hence the fastest path time for this strategy remains 4.07 as we determined in puzzle 1.</p>
 <p>B. Follow the squirrel strategy until it doesn’t help any longer, and then make a dash for it in some other direction.</p>
 <p>The fastest time is at least 4.07, since the shortest distance to shore from the edge of the safe circle is radial. Heading in another direction simply adds more distance and time.</p>
 <p>C. Follow the squirrel strategy for some time, and then make a dash for it in some direction. </p>
 <p>The swimmer can follow the squirrel strategy until he is exactly π units away from shore radially, and then make a straight dash radially. This strategy was suggested by some readers, and it is impervious to disruption, because the bear will require a time of π to catch the swimmer regardless of which direction it runs. The time required for this is π + arcsin(3.5 − π) = 3.50815.</p>
 <p><a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5442087087">Lazar Ilic</a> and <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5445837237">Paolo Abiuso</a> suggested the swimmer should start following the squirrel strategy and at the optimal moment take off on the tangent to his semicircular path that reaches the shore just ahead of the bear. We can call this the arc-tangent strategy. In principle this seems to be an optimal strategy because it involves no change in direction and as Abiuso mentioned, this kind of smooth transition will save time compared to a sharp change in angle. The shortest arc-tangent combination that just eludes the bear requires spending 0.1861 following the squirrel strategy, followed by a tangential straight-line dash of 3.318, giving a total path time of 3.5041. Unlike in the straight-line case discussed above, the bear cannot increase the swimmer’s time by reversing course, even though the straight-line segment is greater than π.</p>
 <p id="component-61284ebac1403" class=""></p>
 <p>As <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5487553416">Paolo Abiuso</a> pointed out in rebutting the claims of strategy D, a reversal by the bear does force the swimmer to alter his path, but this decreases the swimmer’s time because the swimmer can take a path that’s closer to the shore than his original destination. In Figure 4, the swimmer remains on his initial squirrel path as the bear moves from A to B. When the bear reaches B, the swimmer, at T, takes off on a tangent. The destination is C if the bear keeps moving counterclockwise or C’ if it changes direction. The two paths are of equal length as OC’ is the mirror image of OC across the radial line from B. Let’s assume the bear continues counterclockwise. At R, the bear switches direction. Notice that there exists a path DF (shown in red) that mirrors the swimmer’s original target across the radial line DR’ to F, which is again of equal length. The swimmer has a wedge-shape area of the circle CDF within which every point on shore is closer to him than his original target. The swimmer can therefore escape in a shorter time as explained below.</p>
 <p>Recall that the swimmer was diametrically opposite the bear at point T before starting on his straight-line dash. Thereafter, the bear steadily gains in angular distance on the swimmer counterclockwise. So, the length of arc RR’ counterclockwise (let’s call this RR’<em>cc</em>) is less than π, but its clockwise length is more than π (let’s call this RR’<em>c</em>, making RR’<em>c</em> &gt; RR’<em>cc)</em>. The counterclockwise reach of the bear is the length of arc RC in the original time, which is equal to the clockwise arc RC’’ where C’’ is the point the bear would expect to end up clockwise. Let’s call this distance <em>x</em>. Therefore, arc R’C, which is <em>x</em> − RR’<em>cc,</em> is longer than arc R’C’’ which is <em>x </em>− RR’<em>c</em> — the bear has a longer “reach” past R’ in its original direction compared to the reverse direction. But arc R’C is equal to arc R’F (as DF is a radial mirror of DC). Therefore, the bear cannot quite reach F clockwise in the same time as it would reach C counterclockwise. Thus, the swimmer could swim to any point within arc C’’F, all of which are closer to the shore than his original target.</p>
 <p>D. Follow some other strategy instead of the squirrel strategy.</p>
 <p><a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/can-math-help-you-escape-a-hungry-bear-20210629/#comment-5463587970">Jonathan Barmak</a> suggested and diagrammed a fast disruption-free path that he called the “squirrel + two segments” strategy:</p>
 <ol>
 <li>Follow the squirrel strategy for 0.3 units of time. …</li>
 <li>Then move radially for 0.07 units.</li>
 <li>Check where the bear is and move straight to its antipodal point.</li>
 </ol>
 <p>This results in a straight-line dash of 3.1355 units. Since this is smaller than π, it cannot be disrupted because the reverse distance the bear will need to cover to reach the same point will be longer. Barmak also showed that reversal by the bear during the second segment does not increase the path duration. The time required by this path is 3.5055.</p>
 <p>Barmak’s innovative construction is explicitly designed to ensure that path reversals do not increase the stated maximum time. Nevertheless, it involves not just one, but two sharp changes in direction, which seems to indicate that the time can probably be improved by smoothing out the transitions between the three parts.</p>
 <p>There is one other path we can explore. We saw that any change in the bear’s direction shortened the backward time in the arc-tangent path. What if we chose a path such that the swimmer pulls as far away as needed from the backward path to keep its length at the allowable maximum at all points? In other words, the swimmer swims at the edge of what he can get away with, equalizing his forward and backward path lengths at all points (except in the beginning and the end).</p>
 <p>My calculations indicate that such a path indeed exists. It consists of a straight dash at the beginning, and another at the end, joined by a smooth curve that keeps the length of the projected backward path the same as what the forward path finally ends up being. Specifically, the swimmer aims at an angle of 3.2453 radians for a distance of 0.079 initially and makes a straight dash of length 3.3168 to the shore at an angle of 3.5038 radians at the end. These two straight line segments are joined by a smooth curve until about time 0.187, during which the distance from the moving reverse target is kept such that the projected backward path time remains constant. As the destination reveals, the path time is 3.5038, slightly better than that of the arc-tangent strategy.  (Disclaimer: This is a new solution that has not been time-tested. It could have some unapparent flaw or need some modifications.)</p>
 <p>To address the bonus 1 question, there is no reason to think that the arc-tangent strategy and this new solution will not apply if the radius of the lake were 4.5 units with the bear’s running speed 4.5 times that of the swimmer.</p>
 <p>After the safety-first, squirrel-assisted time of over 4, these improved strategies get the swimmer unbelievably close to the minimum possible time of 3.5!</p>
 <p>It is possible that this straight line-curve-straight line path can be optimized a little further. These kinds of path-length calculations are tricky to do, and it is even trickier to prove that the path can withstand all kinds of disruptions by the bear reversing its direction.</p>
 <p id="component-61284ebac1e80" class="related-list"></p>
 <p>What if the bear reverses a second time? This is not as disruptive as it might seem for two reasons. First, notice that a reversal is costly for the bear: In every reversal, it gives up any gain on the swimmer that it has already achieved, so the reversal has a penalty of reducing the reach of the reverse path by twice the length of the reversed segment. Second, the bear is running out of time: The closer the swimmer gets to shore, the less effective the reversal is in increasing path length, until it completely ceases to be effective when the swimmer’s distance from the bear’s antipode reaches π.</p>
 <p>Thank you to all who dived into this puzzle. If you come up with a better time for puzzle 2, please post it here. I will also post further details of the solution presented here. Please let me know if I’ve made a mistake in any of these calculations, or if you can think of a way that allows the bear to lengthen the swimmer’s path that I may have missed. The prize for this puzzle goes to Paolo Abiuso and Jonathan Barmak, who argued eloquently for their two competing strategies. Congratulations to the winners and see you next time for new Insights!</p>
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