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  12. <title>Building Large Flask Apps In The Real World (archive) — David Larlet</title>
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  437. <h1>
  438. <span><a id="jumper" href="#jumpto" title="Un peu perdu ?">?</a></span>
  439. Building Large Flask Apps In The Real World (archive)
  440. <time>Pour la pérennité des contenus liés. Non-indexé, retrait sur simple email.</time>
  441. </h1>
  442. <section>
  443. <article>
  444. <h3><a href="https://etscrivner.github.io/posts/2014/10/building-large-flask-apps-in-the-real-world/">Source originale du contenu</a></h3>
  445. <p>Scaling a <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/">Flask</a> application is no immediately obvious
  446. matter. At plug.dj we had ~22,000 line Flask application. At my previous
  447. employer our Flask application was significantly larger. Ultimately scaling a
  448. code-base is less about the framework used and more about the software design
  449. experience of the developers working on it. Scaling in terms concurrent users
  450. also has little to do with the web framework and more to do with your
  451. understanding of load-balancing, caching, databases, etc. That being said, what
  452. have I learned about how to organize a Flask application to comfortably grow?</p>
  453. <p>Firstly, <a href="https://github.com/imwilsonxu/fbone">fbone</a> and
  454. <a href="https://github.com/cburmeister/flask-bones">flask-bones</a> are great first
  455. approximations. If you're struggling to figure out how to structure your flask
  456. application have a look at those and consider using either one as a template
  457. that you can evolve to your needs. Also, I have to mention
  458. <a href="https://github.com/audreyr/cookiecutter">cookiecutter</a> as a tool for templating
  459. the structure of python applications in general. In terms of the web application
  460. itself you might also consider using
  461. <a href="https://pythonhosted.org/Flask-Classy/">Flask-Classy</a> to build out your views.</p>
  462. <p>Beyond that I hestitate to dictate anything else. There's never a
  463. one-size-fits-all solutions for complex real-world problems like this. There
  464. will never be a substitute for thinking up-front, and deeply at that, about the
  465. organization of your application. The first few organizational decisions will
  466. have ripple effects throughout the lifetime of the code base. Bad decisions can
  467. trap you into a corner. Good decisions can make previously difficult problems
  468. much easier. So instead here are a few heuristics that I've used to kickstart
  469. this process:</p>
  470. <ol>
  471. <li><strong>Think about deployment</strong>. How is it getting to the server? egg, wheel, rpm?
  472. Will there be <a href="http://jenkins-ci.org/">continuous integration</a>? Are you using
  473. <a href="http://www.saltstack.com/">salt</a> or <a href="http://www.puppetlabs.com">puppet</a>? How
  474. you deploy your application will determine what kind of structure you need
  475. and what kind of supporting utilites you may or may not have to write.</li>
  476. <li><strong>Think about app initialization</strong>. Where is the entry point? How are
  477. components initialized and shared? If my user module needs a database
  478. connection how do I ensure that it always gets an initialized database
  479. connection? Do I use singletons? lazy loading? dependency injection? It
  480. depends, and you should always be willing to revisit this decision. Also
  481. think about how you'd do a deploy to a completely uninitailized environment.
  482. How do you initialize the database(s)? Is the app configured by environment
  483. variables or cfg files? How are those being shared and deployed?</li>
  484. <li><strong>Think about resource lifetimes</strong>. Make sure you understand how your
  485. database connections and other resources should be managed within a Flask
  486. application. Typically you should initialize a resource when a request comes
  487. in and tear it down before the response goes out. SQLAlchemy
  488. <a href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_7/orm/session.html#using-thread-local-scope-with-web-applications">explicitly covers</a>
  489. integration with web frameworks in its documentation.</li>
  490. <li><strong>Organize by principle of least suprise</strong>. Ask yourself, "How would I
  491. organize this so that someone using Notepad with a good grasp on the
  492. programming language would be able to find and edit any arbitrary component?"
  493. This is ultimately how your codebase will seem to every new person who
  494. encounters it. For example, if you are asked to modify the function that
  495. geocodes a location and you have no experience with a code base it's
  496. reasonable that you'd look in <em>app.geolocation.utils</em> as a first
  497. approximation. You'd be suprised if instead it were somewhere like
  498. <em>app.auth.models</em>. The first example follows the principle of least surprise.
  499. Reduce the mental strain on yourself and others by sensibly organizing
  500. components into well named modules.</li>
  501. <li><strong>Think about testing</strong>. A focus on testing can help you avoid sticky designs
  502. because they simply become untestable. Organize your tests along the same
  503. lines as your modules so that the corresponding tests for any chunk of code
  504. can easily be found.</li>
  505. <li><strong>Think about logging</strong>. Bugs are going to happen and you're going to need to
  506. gather the information to solve them. Come up with a logging strategy that
  507. covers your whole application and stick to it. You should be able to log data
  508. from anywhere in any module and the logs should indicate exactly where the
  509. data came from. In Python the best way to do this is to initialize a logger
  510. at the top of each .py file, that way you always have access to a logger from
  511. every module.</li>
  512. <li><strong>Think about infrastructure changes</strong>. One of the best design heuristics you
  513. can use is to imagine how you would build your application so that arbitrary
  514. third-party dependencies (databases, web frameworks, etc.) could be swapped
  515. out with minimal impact. As your application grows your infrastructure will
  516. change. You should be able to switch databases, web frameworks, or deploy
  517. code to mobile devices with minimal code changes. A good place to start in
  518. figuring out how to do this is the
  519. <a href="http://confreaks.com/videos/759-rubymidwest2011-keynote-architecture-the-lost-years">Architecture The Lost Years</a>
  520. talk by Bob Martin.</li>
  521. </ol>
  522. <p>Each of these topics could easily fill a blog post on its own. With Flask in
  523. particular (2), (3), and (6) are crucial. Flask isn't like Ruby on Rails for a
  524. reason. Flask is designed to be easy to get up and running. It also puts you
  525. closer to WSGI. This, however, is a double-edged sword. It can make development
  526. easier in areas where you know what you're doing while also making it easy to
  527. shoot yourself in the foot in the areas where you don't.</p>
  528. <p>In the end you should be aiming to design your application to depend on Flask as
  529. little as possible. The framework shouldn't dictate your application design, and
  530. microframeworks in particular try to avoid doing this as much as possible.
  531. Recently even Flask has felt bulky. <a href="http://falconframework.org/">Falcon</a> seems
  532. like a good step in the direction of something smaller.</p>
  533. </article>
  534. </section>
  535. <nav id="jumpto">
  536. <p>
  537. <a href="/david/blog/">Accueil du blog</a> |
  538. <a href="https://etscrivner.github.io/posts/2014/10/building-large-flask-apps-in-the-real-world/">Source originale</a> |
  539. <a href="/david/stream/2019/">Accueil du flux</a>
  540. </p>
  541. </nav>
  542. <footer>
  543. <div>
  544. <img src="/static/david/david-larlet-avatar.jpg" loading="lazy" class="avatar" width="200" height="200">
  545. <p>
  546. Bonjour/Hi!
  547. Je suis <a href="/david/" title="Profil public">David&nbsp;Larlet</a>, je vis actuellement à Montréal et j’alimente cet espace depuis 15 ans. <br>
  548. Si tu as apprécié cette lecture, n’hésite pas à poursuivre ton exploration. Par exemple via les <a href="/david/blog/" title="Expériences bienveillantes">réflexions bimestrielles</a>, la <a href="/david/stream/2019/" title="Pensées (dés)articulées">veille hebdomadaire</a> ou en t’abonnant au <a href="/david/log/" title="S’abonner aux publications via RSS">flux RSS</a> (<a href="/david/blog/2019/flux-rss/" title="Tiens c’est quoi un flux RSS ?">so 2005</a>).
  549. </p>
  550. <p>
  551. Je m’intéresse à la place que je peux avoir dans ce monde. En tant qu’humain, en tant que membre d’une famille et en tant qu’associé d’une coopérative. De temps en temps, je fais aussi des <a href="https://github.com/davidbgk" title="Principalement sur Github mais aussi ailleurs">trucs techniques</a>. Et encore plus rarement, <a href="/david/talks/" title="En ce moment je laisse plutôt la place aux autres">j’en parle</a>.
  552. </p>
  553. <p>
  554. Voici quelques articles choisis :
  555. <a href="/david/blog/2019/faire-equipe/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Faire équipe</a>,
  556. <a href="/david/blog/2018/bivouac-automnal/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Bivouac automnal</a>,
  557. <a href="/david/blog/2018/commodite-effondrement/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Commodité et effondrement</a>,
  558. <a href="/david/blog/2017/donnees-communs/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Des données aux communs</a>,
  559. <a href="/david/blog/2016/accompagner-enfant/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Accompagner un enfant</a>,
  560. <a href="/david/blog/2016/senior-developer/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Senior developer</a>,
  561. <a href="/david/blog/2016/illusion-sociale/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">L’illusion sociale</a>,
  562. <a href="/david/blog/2016/instantane-scopyleft/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Instantané Scopyleft</a>,
  563. <a href="/david/blog/2016/enseigner-web/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Enseigner le Web</a>,
  564. <a href="/david/blog/2016/simplicite-defaut/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Simplicité par défaut</a>,
  565. <a href="/david/blog/2016/minimalisme-esthetique/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Minimalisme et esthétique</a>,
  566. <a href="/david/blog/2014/un-web-omni-present/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Un web omni-présent</a>,
  567. <a href="/david/blog/2014/manifeste-developpeur/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Manifeste de développeur</a>,
  568. <a href="/david/blog/2013/confort-convivialite/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Confort et convivialité</a>,
  569. <a href="/david/blog/2013/testament-numerique/" title="Accéder à l’article complet">Testament numérique</a>,
  570. et <a href="/david/blog/" title="Accéder aux archives">bien d’autres…</a>
  571. </p>
  572. <p>
  573. On peut <a href="mailto:david%40larlet.fr" title="Envoyer un courriel">échanger par courriel</a>. Si éventuellement tu souhaites que l’on travaille ensemble, tu devrais commencer par consulter le <a href="http://larlet.com">profil dédié à mon activité professionnelle</a> et/ou contacter directement <a href="http://scopyleft.fr/">scopyleft</a>, la <abbr title="Société coopérative et participative">SCOP</abbr> dont je fais partie depuis six ans. Je recommande au préalable de lire <a href="/david/blog/2018/cout-site/" title="Attention ce qui va suivre peut vous choquer">combien coûte un site</a> et pourquoi je suis plutôt favorable à une <a href="/david/pro/devis/" title="Discutons-en !">non-demande de devis</a>.
  574. </p>
  575. <p>
  576. Je ne traque pas ta navigation mais mon
  577. <abbr title="Alwaysdata, 62 rue Tiquetonne 75002 Paris, +33.184162340">hébergeur</abbr>
  578. conserve des logs d’accès.
  579. </p>
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