larlet-fr-david-cache/cache/2024/359df603dbf60e8476027b2eb26cb7ce/index.md

title: uv: Python packaging in Rust
url: https://astral.sh/blog/uv
hash_url: 359df603dbf60e8476027b2eb26cb7ce
archive_date: 2024-02-17
og_image: https://astral.sh/static/OpenGraph/Astral.jpg
description: uv is an extremely fast Python package installer and resolver, designed as a drop-in alternative to pip and pip-tools.
favicon: https://astral.sh/static/favicon-32x32.png
language: en_US

<p><strong>TL;DR:</strong> <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> is an <strong>extremely fast Python package
installer and resolver</strong>, written in Rust, and designed as a drop-in replacement for <code>pip</code> and
<code>pip-tools</code> workflows.</p>
<p><a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> represents a milestone in our pursuit of a <a href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/05/05/cargo-pillars.html#pillars-of-cargo">"Cargo for Python"</a>:
a comprehensive Python project and package manager that's fast, reliable, and easy to use.</p>
<p>As part of this release, we're also taking stewardship of <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye">Rye</a>,
an experimental Python packaging tool from <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko">Armin Ronacher</a>. We'll
maintain <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye">Rye</a> as we expand <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> into a unified successor
project, to fulfill our <a href="https://rye-up.com/philosophy/">shared vision</a> for Python packaging.</p>
<hr>
<p>At Astral, we build high-performance developer tools for the Python ecosystem. We're best known
for <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff">Ruff</a>, an extremely fast
Python <a href="https://notes.crmarsh.com/python-tooling-could-be-much-much-faster">linter</a>
and <a href="https://astral.sh/blog/the-ruff-formatter">formatter</a>.</p>
<p>Today, we're releasing the next tool in the Astral toolchain: <strong><a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a>, an extremely fast Python
package resolver and installer, written in Rust</strong>.</p>
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            </text></g><g class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__layer_2_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0576289908; tool: uv; timeFormat: 0.06s" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(93.458 31.25)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" font-weight="bold" class="uv-install-warm-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0.06s
            </text></g></g></svg></div></div></div><div class="flex flex-row items-center"><p class="hidden text-sm md:block"><span class="opacity-75">Resolving (left) and installing (right) the <a class="cursor-pointer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://github.com/python-trio/trio">Trio</a> dependencies with a </span><a class="cursor-pointer select-none" aria-label="Toggle cache" tabindex="0" type="button">warm</a> <span class="opacity-75">cache, to simulate recreating a virtual environment or adding a dependency to an existing project (<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/main/BENCHMARKS.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">source</a>).</span></p><p class="text-sm md:hidden"><span class="opacity-75">Resolving (top) and installing (bottom) the <a class="cursor-pointer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://github.com/python-trio/trio">Trio</a> dependencies with a </span><a class="cursor-pointer select-none" aria-label="Toggle cache" tabindex="0" type="button">warm</a> <span class="opacity-75">cache, to simulate recreating a virtual environment or adding a dependency to an existing project (<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/main/BENCHMARKS.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">source</a>).</span></p></div></div>
<p><a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> is designed as a drop-in replacement for <code>pip</code> and <code>pip-tools</code>,
and is ready for production use today in projects built around those workflows.</p>
<p>Like <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff">Ruff</a>, uv's implementation was grounded in our core
product principles:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>An obsessive focus on performance.</strong> In the above <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/main/BENCHMARKS.md">benchmarks</a>,
uv is <strong>8-10x faster</strong> than <code>pip</code> and <code>pip-tools</code> without caching, and <strong>80-115x faster</strong>
when running with a warm cache (e.g., recreating a virtual environment or updating a dependency).
uv uses a global module cache to avoid re-downloading and re-building dependencies, and
leverages Copy-on-Write and hardlinks on supported filesystems to minimize disk space usage.</li>
<li><strong>Optimized for adoption.</strong> While we have big aspirations for the future of Python packaging,
uv's initial release is centered on supporting the <code>pip</code> and <code>pip-tools</code> APIs behind
our <code>uv pip</code> interface, making it usable by existing projects with zero configuration.
Similarly, uv can be used as "just" a resolver (<code>uv pip compile</code> to lock your
dependencies), "just" a virtual environment creator (<code>uv venv</code>), "just" a package
installer (<code>uv pip sync</code>), and so on. It's both unified and modular.</li>
<li><strong>A simplified toolchain.</strong> uv ships as a single static binary capable of
replacing <code>pip</code>, <code>pip-tools</code>, and <code>virtualenv</code>. uv has no direct Python dependency, so you
can install it separately from Python itself, avoiding the need to manage <code>pip</code> installations
across multiple Python versions (e.g., <code>pip</code> vs. <code>pip3</code> vs. <code>pip3.7</code>).</li>
</ol>
<p>While uv will evolve into a <strong>complete Python project and package manager</strong> (a <a href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/05/05/cargo-pillars.html#pillars-of-cargo">"Cargo for Python"</a>),
the narrower <code>pip-tools</code> scope allows us to solve the low-level problems involved in building such
a tool (like package installation) while shipping something immediately useful with minimal barrier
to adoption.</p>
<p>You can install <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> today via our standalone installers,
or from <a href="https://pypi.org/project/uv/">PyPI</a>.</p>

<p><a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> supports everything you'd expect from a modern Python
packaging tool: editable installs, Git dependencies, URL dependencies, local dependencies,
constraint files, source distributions, custom indexes, and more, all designed around drop-in
compatibility with your existing tools.</p>
<p><a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a> supports <strong>Linux</strong>, <strong>Windows</strong>, and <strong>macOS</strong>, and
has been tested at-scale against the public PyPI index.</p>
<h3 class="hover:none group cursor-default"><span id="a-drop-in-compatible-api" class="invisible absolute mt-[-24px] block pt-[24px]"></span>A drop-in compatible API <a href="#a-drop-in-compatible-api" class="hidden group-hover:inline-block">#</a></h3>
<p>This initial release centers on what we refer to as uv's <code>pip</code> API. It'll be familiar to those
that have used <code>pip</code> and <code>pip-tools</code> in the past:</p>
<ul>
<li>Instead of <code>pip install</code>, run <code>uv pip install</code> to install Python dependencies from the command
line, a requirements file, or a <code>pyproject.toml</code>.</li>
<li>Instead of <code>pip-compile</code>, run <code>uv pip compile</code> to generate a locked <code>requirements.txt</code>.</li>
<li>Instead of <code>pip-sync</code>, run <code>uv pip sync</code> to sync a virtual environment with a locked <code>requirements.txt</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>By scoping these "lower-level" commands under <code>uv pip</code>, we retain space in the CLI for the more
"opinionated" project management API we intend to ship in the future, which will look more like
<a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye">Rye</a>, or <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo">Cargo</a>, or
<a href="https://github.com/python-poetry/poetry">Poetry</a>. (Imagine <code>uv run</code>, <code>uv build</code>, and so on.)</p>
<p>uv can also be used as a virtual environment manager via <code>uv venv</code>. It's about 80x
faster than <code>python -m venv</code> and 7x faster than <code>virtualenv</code>, with no dependency on Python.</p>
<div><div class="md:hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 454 282"><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-frame uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__root" aria-roledescription="group mark container" fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="10"><path class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M107 16Z"></path><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-scope uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__cell" aria-roledescription="group mark container"><path class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M107 16h300v90H107Z"></path><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-hidden="true"><path class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M107.5 106.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-grid" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M107.5 106.5v-90M182.5 106.5v-90M257.5 106.5v-90M332.5 106.5v-90M407.5 106.5v-90"></path></g></g><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="X-axis for a linear scale with values from 0.00 to 0.08"><path class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M107.5 106.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-tick" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M407.5 106.5"></path></g><g class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(107.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-vertical-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">0s
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            </text></g></g></svg></div><div class="w-full md:w-[484px]"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 463 139"><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-frame uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__root" aria-roledescription="group mark container" fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="10"><path class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M99 16h300v90H99Z"></path><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-hidden="true"><path class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M99.5 106.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis-grid" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M99.5 106.5v-90M174.5 106.5v-90M249.5 106.5v-90M324.5 106.5v-90M399.5 106.5v-90"></path></g></g><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="X-axis for a linear scale with values from 0.00 to 0.08"><path class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M99.5 106.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-rule uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis-tick" pointer-events="none"><path stroke="rgba(127,127,127,0.25)" d="M399.5 106.5"></path></g><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(99.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">
                    0s
                  </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(174.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">
                    0.02s
                  </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(249.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">
                    0.04s
                  </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(324.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">
                    0.06s
                  </text><text text-anchor="middle" transform="translate(399.5 121.5)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">
                    0.08s
                  </text></g></g><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-group uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis" aria-roledescription="axis" aria-label="Y-axis for a discrete scale with 3 values: uv, virtualenv, venv"><path class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__background" aria-hidden="true" d="M99.5 16.5Z" pointer-events="none"></path><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-axis-label" pointer-events="none"><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(89.5 35)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel" font-weight="bold">
                    uv
                  </text><text text-anchor="end" transform="translate(89.5 65)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">
                    virtualenv
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                    venv
                  </text></g></g><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-rect uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__layer_0_marks" aria-roledescription="rect mark container"><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0041; tool: uv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M99 24.5h15.375v13H99Z" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0744; tool: virtualenv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M99 54.5h279v13H99Z" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path><path aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0241; tool: venv" aria-roledescription="bar" d="M99 84.5h90.375v13H99Z" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkBar"></path></g><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__layer_1_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0744; tool: virtualenv; timeFormat: 74.4ms" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(384 65)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">74.4ms
            </text><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0241; tool: venv; timeFormat: 24.1ms" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(195.375 95)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">24.1ms
            </text></g><g class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__mark-text uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__role-mark uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__layer_2_marks" aria-roledescription="text mark container"><text aria-label="Sum of time: 0.0041; tool: uv; timeFormat: 4.1ms" aria-roledescription="text mark" transform="translate(120.375 35)" font-family="Roboto Mono,monospace" font-size="12" font-weight="bold" class="uv-venv-no-seed-benchmark_svg__benchmarkLabel">4.1ms
            </text></g></g></svg></div></div></div><div class="flex flex-row items-center opacity-75"><p class="text-sm md:hidden">Creating a virtual environment, with (top) and without (bottom) seed packages like pip and setuptools (<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/ea13d94c57149a8fc6ebfcef46149252e869269f/scripts/benchmarks/venv.sh" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">source</a>).</p><p class="hidden text-sm md:block">Creating a virtual environment, with (left) and without (right) seed packages like pip and setuptools (<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/ea13d94c57149a8fc6ebfcef46149252e869269f/scripts/benchmarks/venv.sh" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">source</a>).</p></div></div>
<p>uv's virtual environments are standards-compliant and work interchangeably with other tools —
there's no lock-in or customization.</p>
<p>Building our own package management stack from scratch also opened up room for new capabilities.
For example:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>uv supports alternate resolution strategies.</strong> By default, uv follows the standard
Python dependency resolution strategy of preferring the latest compatible version of each package.
But by passing <code>--resolution=lowest</code>, library authors can test their packages against the lowest-compatible version of their dependencies. (This is similar to Go's
<a href="https://go.dev/ref/mod#minimal-version-selection">Minimal version selection</a>.)</li>
<li><strong>uv allows for resolutions against arbitrary target Python versions.</strong> While <code>pip</code>
and <code>pip-tools</code> always resolve against the currently-installed Python version (generating, e.g., a
Python 3.12-compatible resolution when running under Python 3.12), uv accepts
a <code>--python-version</code> parameter, enabling you to generate, e.g., Python 3.7-compatible resolutions
even when running under newer versions.</li>
<li><strong>uv allows for dependency “overrides”.</strong> uv takes pip's “constraints” concepts a step
further via overrides (<code>-o overrides.txt</code>), which allow the user to guide the resolver by
overriding the declared dependencies of a package. Overrides give the user an escape hatch for
working around erroneous upper bounds and other incorrectly-declared dependencies.</li>
</ul>
<p>In its current form, uv won't be the right fit for all projects. <code>pip</code> is a mature and stable
tool, with extensive support for an extremely wide range of use cases and a focus on compatibility.
While uv supports a large fraction of the <code>pip</code> interface, it lacks support for some of its
legacy features, like <code>.egg</code> distributions.</p>
<p>Similarly, uv does not yet generate a platform-agnostic lockfile. This matches <code>pip-tools</code>, but
differs from Poetry and PDM, making uv a better fit for projects built around the <code>pip</code> and
<code>pip-tools</code> workflows.</p>
<p>For those deep in the packaging ecosystem, uv also includes standards-compliant Rust
implementations of <a href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0440/">PEP 440</a> (version identifiers),
<a href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0508/">PEP 508</a> (dependency specifiers),
<a href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0517/">PEP 517</a> (a build-system independent build frontend),
<a href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0405/">PEP 405</a> (virtual environments), and more.</p>
<h3 class="hover:none group cursor-default"><span id="a-cargo-for-python-uv-and-rye" class="invisible absolute mt-[-24px] block pt-[24px]"></span>A "Cargo for Python": uv and Rye <a href="#a-cargo-for-python-uv-and-rye" class="hidden group-hover:inline-block">#</a></h3>
<p>uv represents an intermediary milestone in our pursuit of a <a href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/05/05/cargo-pillars.html#pillars-of-cargo">"Cargo for Python"</a>: a unified Python
package and project manager that is extremely fast, reliable, and easy to use.</p>
<p>Think: a single binary that bootstraps your Python installation and gives you everything you need to
be productive with Python, bundling not only <code>pip</code>, <code>pip-tools</code>, and <code>virtualenv</code>, but also <code>pipx</code>,
<code>tox</code>, <code>poetry</code>, <code>pyenv</code>, <code>ruff</code>, and more.</p>
<p>Python tooling can be a low-confidence experience: it's a significant amount of work to stand up a
new or existing project, and commands fail in confusing ways. In contrast, when working in the Rust
ecosystem, you trust the tools to succeed. The Astral toolchain is about bringing Python from a
low-confidence to a high-confidence experience.</p>
<p>This vision for Python packaging is not far off from that put forward by <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye">Rye</a>,
an experimental project and package management tool from <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko">Armin Ronacher</a>.</p>
<p>In talking with Armin, it was clear that our visions were closely aligned, but that fulfilling
them would require a significant investment in foundational tooling. For example: building such a
tool requires an extremely fast, end-to-end integrated, cross-platform resolver and installer. <strong>In
uv, we've built that foundational tooling.</strong></p>
<p>We saw this as a rare opportunity to team up, and to avoid fragmenting the Python ecosystem.
<strong>As such, in collaboration with Armin, we're excited to be taking over <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye">Rye</a>.</strong>
Our goal is to evolve uv into a production-ready <a href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/05/05/cargo-pillars.html#pillars-of-cargo">"Cargo for Python"</a>, and to provide a smooth
migration path from Rye to uv when the time is right.</p>
<p>Until then, we'll be maintaining Rye, migrating it to use uv under-the-hood, and, more
generally, treating it as an experimental testbed for the end-user experience we're building
towards.</p>
<p>While merging projects comes with its own challenges, we're committed to building a single, unified
tool under the Astral banner, and to supporting existing Rye users as we evolve uv into a
suitable and comprehensive successor project.</p>
<h3 class="hover:none group cursor-default"><span id="our-roadmap" class="invisible absolute mt-[-24px] block pt-[24px]"></span>Our Roadmap <a href="#our-roadmap" class="hidden group-hover:inline-block">#</a></h3>
<p>Following this release, our first priority is to support users as they consider <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv">uv</a>,
with a focus on improving compatibility, performance, and stability across platforms.</p>
<p>From there, we'll look towards expanding uv into a complete Python project and package manager:
a single binary that gives you everything you need to be productive with Python.</p>
<p>We have an ambitious roadmap for uv. But even in its current form, I think it will
feel like a very different experience for Python. I hope you'll give it a try.</p>
<h3 class="hover:none group cursor-default"><span id="acknowledgements" class="invisible absolute mt-[-24px] block pt-[24px]"></span>Acknowledgements <a href="#acknowledgements" class="hidden group-hover:inline-block">#</a></h3>
<p>Finally, we'd like to thank all those that contributed directly or indirectly to the development of
uv. Foremost among them are <a href="https://github.com/Eh2406">Jacob Finkelman</a>
and <a href="https://github.com/mpizenberg">Matthieu Pizenberg</a>, the maintainers
of <a href="https://github.com/pubgrub-rs/pubgrub">pubgrub-rs</a>. uv uses PubGrub as its underlying
version solver, and we're grateful to Jacob and Matthieu for the work they put into PubGrub in the
past, and for the way they've engaged with us as collaborators throughout the project.</p>
<p>We'd also like to thank those projects in the packaging space that've inspired us,
especially <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo">Cargo</a>, along with <a href="https://github.com/oven-sh/bun">Bun</a>, <a href="https://github.com/orogene/orogene">Orogene</a>,
and <a href="https://github.com/pnpm/pnpm">pnpm</a> from the JavaScript ecosystem,
and <a href="https://github.com/njsmith/posy">Posy</a>, <a href="https://github.com/konstin/monotrail-resolve">Monotrail</a>,
and <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko/rye">Rye</a> from the Python ecosystem. In particular, thanks
to <a href="https://github.com/mitsuhiko">Armin Ronacher</a> for collaborating with us on this effort.</p>
<p>Finally, we'd like to thank the maintainers of <a href="https://github.com/pypa/pip">pip</a> and the members of
the PyPA more broadly for all the work they do to make Python packaging possible.</p>